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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 55-64 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bdellovibrio ; Spirillum ; Cell wall ; Bdelloplast ; Lipoprotein ; Peptidoglycan ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In both freeze-etched and critical-point dried preparations examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, respectively, the outer surfaces of the cells of Spirillum serpens VHL assume a wrinkled appearance 10–15 min after challenge by Bdellovibrion bacteriovorus 109D. This wrinkling effect is believed (on circumstantial evidence) to be caused by the bdellovibrio's disruption of the cell wall lipoprotein of the Spirillum. With the exception of those topological changes caused by wrinkling, the outer membrane of the Spirillum cell wall retains a normal appearance as viewed in freeze-etched preparations, even after the Spirillum cell has been converted into a bdelloplast. Although the peptidoglycan layer of the Spirillum cell presumably is weakened somewhat by the invading Bdellovibrio, evidence obtained from freeze-fractured preparations of Spirillum bdelloplasts suggests that the peptidoglycan remains as a discrete cell wall layer, even though the Spirillum cell wall apparently has lost much of its rigidity. That the peptidoglycan backbone remains essentially intact, even after the Spirillum cell has been entered by the Bdellovibrio, is supported by the observation that the soluble amino sugar content of the culture medium, as determined by chemical analysis, does not rise even 5.0 h after the association of the Bdellovibrio with the Spirillum has begun.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 30 (1958), S. 325-334 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The alfalfa wilt bacterium, Corynebacterium insidiosum, produces a water-insoluble blue substance which accumulates extracellularly. A number of factors (among them strain variation, temperature, pH, nutrition, crowding) have a considerable influence upon pigment production. Proper control of these factors led to a method for large-scale cultivation of C. insidiosum under conditions of good pigmentation. On the bases of absorption spectrum, solubility characteristics, and the properties of crystalline acetyl and benzoyl derivatives, the C. insidiosum pigment is believed to be identical with indigoidine—a pigment of unknown composition previously reported in Pseudomonas indigofera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 42 (1962), S. 289-298 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary From these observations, it can be concluded that V-forms and other angular cell arrangements in Arthrobacter atrocyaneus can arise in several different ways. As summarized diagrammatically in Fig. 5, the irregular cell conjunctions so characteristic of these corynebacteria might be the result of snapping post-fission movement, the germination of adjacent coccoid elements, or the angular growth (germination) of rod-shaped organisms. As yet, the mechanisms underlying each of these processes remain to be clarified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 59 (1967), S. 287-294 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The large-scale production, isolation, and purification are described of the blue insoluble intracellular pigment of the bacterium Pseudomonas lemonieri. The pigment, C26H37N5O6, occurs in the cells as a salt (cation unknown) of 6-octanoylamino-3-hydroxy-2-aza-benzoquinone-(1,4)-4-[5-octanoylamino-2,6-dihydroxy-pyridyl-(3)-imide] (I). Nitric acid oxidation of pigment I yields IV, 6-octanoylamino-3-hydroxy-2-aza-benzoquinone-(1,4). Further hydrolysis of IV splits off n-octanoic acid, which is free of homologues. The structures given for the pigment and its degradation products have been proven by identification with authentic preparations. Although they have different chromophores, the pigment (I) of Pseudomonas lemonnieri and N,N′-dioctanoyl-indigoidine (VI) nevertheless resemble one another in IR-absorbances, NMR-spectra, and chromatographic behavior, because of homogeneous functional groups and ring structures. I and VI are indeed chemically related, as can be seen from the facts that aminocitrazinic acid is a common starting material for the in vitro syntheses of both compounds, and that the diazaindophenol (I) can be converted to the diaza-diphenoquinone (VI) by hydrogenation and subsequent autoxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Seliberia ; Immunoferritin labeling ; Cell division ; Unidirectional growth ; Budding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When grown in a complex peptone-yeast extract culture medium, Seliberia stellata and related morphologically similar aquatic bacterial strains typically divided asymmetrically, giving rise to a motile swarmer and a longer sessile rod. Indirect immunoferritin labeling of these bacteria, followed by incubation during which cell growth occurred, has provided evidence that antigenic cell-surface components are synthesized de novo in a sharply demarcated zone at one pole of the growing parent cells. Cell elongation occurred unidirectionally from the pole showing the de novo surface synthesis; it was this end of the elongating, helically sculptured (i.e., screw-like) rod that became the daughter swarmer cell. The daughter swarmers, produced after polar growth and division of the immunoferritinlabeled parent cells, were not labeled. The immunoferritin label remaining on the parent cell did not appear to be diluted or disturbed by the cell growth and division process. Under the cultural conditions used in this study, the growth and division events which led to production of swarmer cells in the seliberia strains examined met two major criteria of accepted definitions of budding (de novo cell surface synthesis and transverse asymmetry of division). However, the developing daughter cell was not initially narrower than the parent and thus did not increase in cell diameter during growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 36 (1960), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die extracelluläre Abscheidung eines unlöslichen blauen Pigments (Indigoidin) wurde zuerst bei Pseudomonas indigofera beobachtet. Historisch wird auf die verschiedenen Benennungen dieses Bakteriums eingegangen. Beschrieben wird die Darstellung blauer Farbstoffe aus Kulturen verschiedener Bakterien. Die von Corynebacterium insidiosum, Arthrobacter atrocyaneus und Arthrobacter polychromogenes gebildeten Pigmente sind identisch mit Indigoidin von P. indigofera. Die Identität wird bewiesen durch physikalische und chemische Vergleiche der Pigmente und ihrer Derivate. Der Name Indigoidin, der früher nur für das Pigment von P. indigofera verwendet wurde, wird nun unabhängig von der Herkunft des Pigments benützt. Indigoidin (I), C10H8N4O4, ist 5,5′-Diamino-4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-diazadiphenochinon-(2,2′). Durch Erhitzen mit 6 n HCl entsteht daraus ein Hydrolyseprodukt (III), C10H6N2O6, das als 4,5,4′,5′-Tetrahydroxy-3,3′-diazadiphenochinon-(2,2′) erkannt wurde. Dieses Hydrolyseprodukt (III) bildet ein Monokaliumsalz (VII), das identisch ist mit dem grünen Pigment, das Arthrobacter crystallopoietes bei Zusatz von Pyridon-(2) bildet. Über Synthesen des Indigoidins (I) und seines Hydrolyseprodukts (III), die von 3,3′-Bipyridyl, von Citrazinsäure oder 5-Amino-pyridon-(2) ausgehen, wird an anderer Stelle berichtet. Beschrieben wird die Darstellung folgender Indigoidin-Derivate: 5,5′-Diacetamino-4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-diazadiphenochinon-(2,2′) (II), C14H12N4O6; 4,4′-Dihydroxy-5,5′-diacetoxy-3,3′-diazadiphenochinon-(2,2′) (IV), C14H10N2O8; 2,5,6,2′.5′.6′-Hexaacetoxy-3,3′-bipyridyl (VI), C22H20N2O12 und 4,4′-Dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethoxy-3,3′-diazadiphenochinon-(2,2′) (V), C12H10N2O6.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 74 (1970), S. 292-300 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Beleuchtung im Mikroskop kann bei Bakterien, welche auf Nährbouillonagar in ihrer Entwicklung beobachtet werden, Wachstumshemmung, morphologische Veränderungen und Abtötung verursachen, auch wenn der Spektralbereich auf das Sichtbare begrenzt ist. Verschiedene Bakterien unterscheiden sich in ihrer Empfindlichkeit. Nicht nur Photoinaktivierung, sondern auch Erwärmung infolge absorbierter Strahlungsenergie kann zu den Folgen beitragen; Benzalaceton in Wasser schmilzt unter Beleuchtung im Mikroskop bei einer Umgebungstemperatur, welche 15°C unter derjenigen des Schmelzpunktes liegt. Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Beleuchtungseinflüsse werden besprochen.
    Notes: Summary Microscope illumination can cause retardation of growth, morphological alterations, and death of bacteria on nutrient agar in microscope growth chambers, even if the radiation is limited to the visible range of the spectrum. Various bacteria differ from one another in their sensitivity to microscope illumination. Not only photoinactivation but also a rise in temperature may contribute to these effects, as shown by the melting of benzalacetone in the illuminated field of an aqueous mount at an ambient temperature at least 15 degrees below its M. P. Recommendations are presented for reducing the effects of microscope illumination in developmental studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 89 (1973), S. 147-167 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bdellovibrio sp. strain 6-5-S grows on and lyses autoclaved cells of Spirillum serpens strain VHL. The dissolution of the S. serpens cells is accompanied by a decrease in optical density and by a release of reducing substances, amino sugars, amino groups, and muramic acid into the culture supernatant. S. serpens cells are degraded by Bdellovibrio sp. strain 6-5-S into fragments of various sizes of which 9% is dialyzable. Fractions of the clear lysate precipitated by ammonium sulfate or cold acetone show lytic activity against autoclaved cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus or S. serpens and are capable of releasing reducing sugars or 14C-labeled materials from isolated unlabeled or 14C-labeled S. serpens peptidoglycan, respectively. The lysozyme-like enzyme has been partially purified from the ammonium sulfate-precipitated fractions by DEAE cellulose chromatography. The molecular weight of the lysozyme-like enzyme is about 12500 as determined by Sephadex G-100. Like Bdellovibrio sp. strain 6-5-S, Bdellovibrio spp. strains 100, 109 (Davis), and A 3.12 also produce proteolytic enzymes not only in living cells but also in autoclaved cells and in cell-free extracts of S. serpens. The multiplicity of infection affects the rate of proteolytic enzyme production. In all cases, lysis of S. serpens cells occurs before production of proteolytic enzyme is evident. Mutants of Bdellovibrio sp. strain 6-5-S, which no longer produce certain proteolytic enzymes, were obtained by nitrosoguanidine treatment and selected by inability to clear casein agar; these mutants grow more slowly and form smaller plaques on S. serpens lawns than the wild type. Enzymatic analysis shows that some mutants lack the capacity to hydrolyze Azocoll brand of collagen (Azocollase-negative) and casein (exopeptidase-negative) but, like the wild type, they possess carboxypeptidase (endopeptidase-positive). A sixty-two-fold purification of the Azocollase was achieved by passage of the acetone-precipitated fraction of a lysate through a DEAE cellulose column. The Azocollase liberated amino groups also from hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, and gelatin. The Michaelis constant (K m) for the Azocollase acting on N,N-dimethylcasein is 5.1×10-5 M and the molecular weight of the enzyme is about 11000. A lipase, which hydrolyzes tributyrin incorporated into an agar medium, has been detected in the acetone-precipitated fraction and in a double-layer lawn containing non-lipolytic S. serpens and Bdellovibrio sp. strain 6-5-S. The lysozyme-like enzyme, Azocollase, peptidases, and lipase probably are all involved in the bacteriolysis caused by the bdellovibrios.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Xanthomonas ; Bacteria ; Phytopathogens ; Pigments ; Xanthomonadins ; Isobutyl xanthomonadins ; Mass spectra ; Taxonomy ; Chemotaxonomy ; Brominated ; Aryl-polyenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell pigments produced by strains of Xanthomonas spp. (including representatives of all five presently recognized taxospecies of these phytopathogenic bacteria) have been isolated as isobutyl esters, purified, and characterized in terms of electronic absorption, chromatographic and co-chromatographic, and mass spectrometric properties. This comparative examination reveals that these bacteria produce brominated aryl-polyene pigments which are given the trivial name “xanthomonadins”. The several xanthomonadins usually occur as mixtures which have been resolved by chromatography and sorted into several Pigment Groups, thus enabling a more rational approach in our on-going systematic study of their exact chemical structures and biosynthesis. From what is presently known, some of the xanthomonadins might differ from xanthomonadin I, the exact structure of which has previously been determined in material from Xanthomonas juglandis ICPB XJ103, by their being monobrominated (rather than dibrominated, as is xanthomonadin I), by their having the equivalent of one methyl group less than does xanthomonadin I, and/or in other ways. The pigments of Xanthomonas ampelina (a little known and possibly questionable member of this genus) seem somewhat different from the pigments of the other Xanthomonas spp. The ability to form these distinctive xanthomonadin pigments is a useful chemotaxonomic marker for the genus Xanthomonas, since such pigments are not known to be formed by taxonomically or ecologically adjacent bacteria. Sufficient characterization of this assemblage of xanthomonadin pigments is presented so that they can be isolated and identified routinely on the basis of the aforementioned properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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