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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 23 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The coincidence of allergic sensitization was investigated in 302 school-aged children and their parents. Specific sensitization to four common inhalant allergens (grass and birch pollens, cat dander, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) was ascertained by means of skin-prick tests (SPT) carried out on the complete family unit at the beginning of a 22-month follow-up period. The same test procedure was then repeated on the children twice at 11-month intervals to provide cumulative prevalences of sensitization. A clinical history of atopy in the children (hay fever or asthma; n= 47), which was derived from an interview, is associated with sensitization (positive SPT in 89%). For three allergens (grass and birch pollens, cat dander) sensitization occurs significantly more frequently in the children of mothers who are sensitized to the same allergen (odds-ratios (ORs), 2.5–4.1). Additionally, in three of the four explanatory models related to a single antigen, maternal sensitization to one of the complementary allergens is of importance (ORs, 2.7–3.7). In contrast to this finding, none of the paternal sensitizations has statistical significance. Based on a reaction to at least one of the four allergens, the child's relative risk to be sensitized is increased in case of maternal (OR, 2.88; P= 0.001) but not of paternal (OR, 1.06; P= 0.83) sensitization. In conclusion, our data indicate that the maternal status is more predictive than that of the father with regard to the child's risk of sensitization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 22 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The skin prick test (SPT) is a commonly used procedure for assessing a specific sensitization. The longitudinal variability of test results is of interest for clinical as well as epidemiological investigations. The sensitization to four common aeroallergens (grass pollen, birch pollen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat dander) is investigated within the framework of three consecutive SPTs at 11-month intervals for a population of 587 schoolchildren. The prevalence of sensitization based on a weal diameter of at least 2 mm was between 12.9% (cat dander) and 23.9% (grass pollen) in the initial testing. The positive predictive values of the initial SPT were between 75.3% (birch pollen) and 88.2% (cat dander) for the two subsequent SPTs. In the case of initially negative tests with positive second and third SPTs the incidence ranged between 3.2% (cat dander) and 4.3% (birch pollen) per year. A clear increase in the intensity of reaction in subsequent tests was observed in a number of probands testing positively in the initial SPT. In conclusion, our data indicate a high long-term stability of a specific sensitization to aeroallergens in SPT.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Objective The aim of our study was to conduct a prospective investigation into the potential association of cord blood proliferative response and cytokine production in response to various stimuli on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) at the age of 3 years.Methods Cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) from 40 healthy term neonates were isolated. The proliferative response of CBMC stimulated with IL-2, betalactoglobulin (BLG) and house dust mite allergen (Der p 1) was assessed by liquid scintillation counting and the stimulation index (SI) was calculated. The cytokines interleukin (IL-)13, interferon (IFN-)γ, IL-10 and IL-18 in the cell culture supernatants in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Der p 1 and BLG were measured using the ELISA technique. After 3 years, symptoms of AD were obtained with a questionnaire completed by the parents.Results We observed significantly higher IL-13 levels in response to PHA in children who subsequently developed symptoms of AD (S: median, 291 pg/mL) compared with asymptomatic children (No-S: 149 pg/mL; P=0.021, Wilcoxon test). Similarly, in response to Der p 1 significantly higher IL-13 levels were observed in symptomatic children (S: 168.6; No-S: 61.6 pg/mL; P=0.0084). In response to BLG, IL-13 levels were 287.2 (S) and 123.6 pg/mL (No-S; P=0.19). No significant differences were found when comparing the IFN-γ levels in CBMC cultures stimulated with PHA (S: 10.2; No-S: 17.6 IU/L; P=0.78), Der p 1 (S: 307.6; No-S: 616.2 IU/L; P=0.2) or BLG (S: 18; No-S: 28.5 IU/L; P=0.83; 〈link href="#f2"〉Fig. 2). The IL-18 and IL-10 levels and the stimulation index in response to IL-2, BLG and Der p 1 showed no significant difference between children who subsequently developed symptoms of AD and asymptomatic children.〈figure xml:id="f2"〉2〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:09547894:CEA1789:CEA_1789_f2"/〉 Release of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), house dust mite allergen (Der p 1) and betalactoglobulin (BLG) in children who developed symptoms of atopic dermatitis at the age of 3 years (‘symptomatic’) and asymptomatic children. The median value and the 5th and 95th percentile are presented. Differences between the groups were calculated with the Wilcoxon test and P-values are reported.Conclusion Our data suggest that enhanced IL-13 levels at birth are associated with the subsequent development of atopic symptoms at the age of 3 years.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Atopy, a clinical syndrome characterized by heightened IgE responsiveness, is largely determined by genetic factors. The disease may well be heterogeneous but the mode of inheritance is unknown. Several genes have been named which affected IgE responsiveness. However, results are conflicting reflecting heterogeneity and a complicated inheritance pattern of the atopic syndrome. In 1994 linkage of the 5q32 gene region and elevated total IgE levels were reported, leaving the IL4 gene as a prominent candidate.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectivesWe were interested in a possible involvement of the IL4-receptor gene in the development of atopy.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsWe employed sib-pair linkage analysis using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers within and flanking the IL4 receptor gene in atopic families, characterized for specific sensitization to inhalant allergens and elevated total serum IgE. Allele sizes were determined for all microsatellite probes to allow transmission disequilibrium analysis.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsWe found significant sharing of maternal but not paternal alleles in affected sibs from two independent populations, both of which presented enhanced IgE responsiveness. Linkage and maternal inheritance could be confirmed by transmission disequilibrium analysis.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsWe conclude from our findings that maternal inheritance of a gene in the chromosome 16p12 region increases the risk for enhanced IgE responsiveness. The most prominent candidate in this region is represented by the IL4 receptor gene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Background Successful pregnancy is dependent upon T helper (Th)2-type-dominated immunological responsiveness in gestation-associated compartments.Objective In our study we observed the influence of the maternal Th2-associated cytokine pattern on the naive fetal T cell phenotype and asked if circulating Th2 cytokines of atopic mothers affects the Th1/Th2 differentiation of the fetus.Methods Cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the corresponding mothers were isolated. The proliferative response of CBMC and PBMC to Betalactoglobulin (BLG) was assessed by liquid scintillation counting. The cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-5, IL-10 and IL-13 in the cell culture supernatants were measured using the ELISA technique. We then defined two subgroups based on maternal levels of specific IgE against aeroallergens: sensitized mothers (MA+) and their neonates (NMA+) (n = 18) and non-sensitized mothers (MA−) and their neonates (NMA−) (n = 29).Results Nearly all mothers (98%) and neonates (92%) had a positive proliferation response after stimulation with BLG (mean stimulation index (10–90 percentile): neonates: 7 (2–15); mothers 14 (5–29)). In supernatants of BLG-stimulated cell cultures, sensitized mothers showed a significantly lower IFN-γ concentration in comparison to non-sensitized mothers (MA+ = 25; MA− = 123 IU/L; P 〈 0,05), whereas the neonates did not differ significantly (NMA+ = 306; NMA− = 224 IU/L; n. s.). Nor was any difference found in the IL-13 concentration between the two groups of sensitized and non-sensitized mothers (MA+ = 48; MA− = 125 pg/mL; n. s.). CBMC of neonates with a sensitized mother showed significantly higher IL-13 concentrations in response to BLG than neonates of non-sensitized mothers (NMA+ = 1442, NMA− 738 pg/mL; P 〈 0.05). The IL-5 and IL-10 concentrations did not differ significantly within the neonatal and the maternal subgroups.Conclusions Our data suggests that maternal sensitization to allergens is associated with the reduced maternal production of the Th2 antagonist IFN-γ and elevated production of the Th2 cytokine IL-13 in the offspring.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Background Atopic individuals are frequently sensitized to a limited number of certain allergens, although most of them are exposed to multiple inhalant allergens in daily life. Objective We investigated the hypothesis that observed common patterns of sensitization might occur with similar frequency within two independent study populations of school-children.Methods The results were derived from skin-prick tests conducted on two large samples of children (study 1:n= 583; study 2: n= 1099) examined with the same panel of six inhalant allergens.Results In order to ensure that the comparison was uniform, the younger subpopulation of study 1 (n= 147) was compared with the sample of study 2 (n= 374). The highest frequency for monosensitization was found for sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (study 1: 18.4%, study 2: 20.3%), followed by monosensitization to grass pollens (study 1: 12.2%; study 2: 8.8%). Using multiple logistic regression for each specific sensitization, a significantly increased relative risk of sensitization to hazel pollens (study 1 OR 5.9; study 2 OR: 24.3) appeared to be associated with sensitization to birch pollens. The same applied to dog dander (study 1 OR: 7.3; study 2 OR: 2.6), which showed an association with sensitization to cat dander.Conclusion In summary, our data suggest that certain clusters of monosensitization and polysensitization to common inhalant allergens exist among a given population. This may well be a reflection of diversity in disposition to specific sensitization and/or antigen crossreactivity. From a practical point of view the data also might help in counselling parents of allergic children.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, B 80-81 (1993), S. 1320-1323 
    ISSN: 0168-583X
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Allergische Sensibilierung ; Mütterliches Alter ; Anzahl der Geschwister ; Haut-Prick-Test ; Key words Allergic sensitization ; Maternal age ; Number of siblings ; Skin-prick-test
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Introduction: The pathogenesis of allergic sensitization remains an unsolved mystery. Of considerable interest for this problem are epidemiological observations that maternal age and the number of siblings play an important role in the allergic diathesis. But little is known about the association between maternal age and number of siblings, and the prevalence of allergic sensitization. We hypothesized that despite the association of both factors, maternal age and the number of siblings are independent riks factors for allergic sensitization. Methods: Information was gathered from 2604 families of whom 1470 children 6 to 8 years of age were tested by means of a skin prick test with seven aeroallergens. Results: The risk of sensitization decreased by the increasing the number of siblings [Odds Ratio (OR) 0.8, 95% Confidence intervall (95% CI) 0.7–0.9]. The risk of sensitization increased if the mothers were older than 21 years (OR(21–30 years)=1.9; 95% CI: 0.9–4.2; OR(≥31 years)= 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1–5.2). A stratification for maternal age showed that the number of siblings did not influence the prevalence of sensitization if the mothers were older than 30 years at birth of their child (0, 1, 2, 3, 3+ siblings: OR=1.0, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2), whereas the risk of sensitization decreased with the number of siblings if the mothers were younger than 30 years (0, 1, 2, 3, 3+ siblings: OR=1.0, 0.9, 0.5, 0.4) Conclusion: We confirm that there is an inverse relation between the number of siblings and sensitization in childhood. Our results suggest that the risk of allergic sensitization decreases with the number of siblings only if the mother is younger than 30 years at the child’s birth. Thus, an increase of maternal age at birth within a population could alter the so-called ’sibling effect’.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Familiäre Risikofaktoren wie Anzahl der Geschwister und mütterliches Alter zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt scheinen neben der genetischen Disposition und Umwelteinflüssen eine Rolle in der Allergieentstehung zu spielen. Unklar ist, inwieweit mütterliches Alter und Anzahl der Geschwister als familiäre Risikofaktoren die Sensibilisierungshäufigkeit beeinflussen. Methode: In einer großen epidemiologischen Studie wurde bei 1470 von 2604 befragten Grundschülern die Bedeutung von Alter der Mutter und der Anzahl der Geschwister für die allergische Sensibilisierung analysiert. Die allergische Sensibilisierung wurde mittels Haut-Prick-Test mit 7 inhalativen Umweltallergenen erfaßt. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens. Ergebnisse: Anhand der multiplen logistischen Regression [Odds-Ratio (OR), 95%-Konfidenzintervall (95% KI)] nahm das relative Risiko einer Sensibilisierung mit der Geschwisteranzahl ab (OR=0,8, 95% KI 0,7–0,9). Im Vergleich zu Kindern mit jüngeren Müttern (〈21 Jahre bei der Geburt des Kindes) zeigte sich ein erhöhtes Sensibilisierungsrisiko für Kinder von Müttern, die älter als 21 Jahre waren (OR(21–30 Jahre)=1,9, 95% KI: 0,9–4,2 bzw. OR≥31 Jahre)=2,4, 95% KI: 1,1–5,2). Eine Unterteilung der Analyse nach dem Alter der Mutter ergab, daß das Sensibilisierungsrisiko von Kindern älterer Mütter (〉30 Jahre) nicht mit der Geschwisteranzahl abnimmt (0, 1, 2, 3+ Geschwister: OR=1,0; 1,0; 1,1; 1,2), während dies bei Kindern jüngerer Mütter (≤30 Jahre) der Fall ist (0, 1, 2, 3+ Geschwister: OR=1,0; 0,9; 0,5; 0,4). Schlußfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß das Sensibilisierungsrisiko nur dann mit steigender Geschwisterzahl absinkt, wenn die Mutter zum Geburtszeitpunkt jünger als 30 Jahre war. Falls in der Bevölkerung das durchschnittliche Alter der Mutter bei der Geburt des Kinds über Jahrzehnte hinweg ansteigt, könnte dies den sog. Geschwisterzahleffekt beeinflussen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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