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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Graft copolymers of propylene with styrene and methylmethacrylate: Structure, crystallization and thermal behaviour (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 30 (1995), S. 4960-4972 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide and small angle X-ray scattering (WAXS and SAXS) investigation have been used in order to achieve a molecular, thermal and structural characterization of a sample of propylene-butadiene copolymer containing 3% (wt/wt) of butadiene (uPP) and of uPP samples modified by grafting polymethylmethacrylate (upp-g-PMMA) and polystyrene (uPP-g-PS). The uPP copolymer was synthesized by Himont according to method patented by Himont [1], that allows, by means of the use of a proper catalyst system, co-polymers of propylene with diene having conjugated double bonds in which at least 20% of the unsaturations is of the vinyl type to be obtained. The influence of concentration, distribution and type of the uncrystallizable comonomer units on the thermal behaviour of such co-polymers and on the kinetic, morphologic and thermodynamic parameters related to crystallization process from melt have been also investigated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01154510
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polypropylene/ethylene-co-propylene blends: influence of molecular structure of EPR and composition on phase structure of isothermally crystallized samples (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 26 (1991), S. 4033-4047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The structure of phases and interphases in samples crystallized under controlled undercoolings, of isotactic polypropylene/ethylene-co-propylene copolymers (iPP/EPR blends) was examined using optical and electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. The study was undertaken to establish the influence of molecular structure of the EPR copolymers and blend composition on the phase structure developed in samples isothermally crystallized at relatively low undercoolings. Optical and electron microscopy revealed that the molecular structure and composition of the EPR phase play a predominant role in determining the mode and state of dispersion of the minor rubber component. It was also found that the crystallization process of iPP from its blends was influenced by the presence of the EPR phase with no regular dependence on its molecular structure and composition. For a given crystallization temperature, a decrease in thickness of the crystalline lamellae,L c, and an increase in the amorphous interlamellar layer,L a were observed. TheL c andL a values were found to be strictly related to the blend composition;L c decreasing andL a increasing with increasing EPR content in the blend.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553486
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polyamide 6/ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer blends: melt rheology and morphology of extruded samples (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 24 (1989), S. 2939-2950 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract A study of the rheological behaviour of polyamide 6 (PA6) and PA6/ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA) blends in the molten state is reported. Zero shear viscosity, η0, and the activation energy for the viscous flow, ΔE *, were obtained as functions of both composition and molar mass of the components. The mode and state of dispersion of the minor components in samples of extruded blends were extensively analysed and correlated with molecular characteristics and chemical structure of the EVA copolymers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385651
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polypropylene/ethylene-co-propylene blends: influence of molecular structure of EPR and composition on phase structure of isothermally crystallized samples (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 26 (1991), S. 4033-4047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The structure of phases and interphases in samples crystallized under controlled undercoolings, of isotactic polypropylene/ethylene-co-propylene copolymers (iPP/EPR blends) was examined using optical and electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. The study was undertaken to establish the influence of molecular structure of the EPR copolymers and blend composition on the phase structure developed in samples isothermally crystallized at relatively low undercoolings. Optical and electron microscopy revealed that the molecular structure and composition of the EPR phase play a predominant role in determining the mode and state of dispersion of the minor rubber component. It was also found that the crystallization process of iPP from its blends was influenced by the presence of the EPR phase with no regular dependence on its molecular structure and composition. For a given crystallization temperature, a decrease in thickness of the crystalline lamellae,L c, and an increase in the amorphous interlamellar layer,L a were observed. TheL c andL a values were found to be strictly related to the blend composition;L c decreasing andL a increasing with increasing EPR content in the blend.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02402944
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of composition and processing conditions on the morphology and properties of polyamide 6/ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer blends (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 989-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract An ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer has been mixed with polyamide 6 in a single screw extruder. The extrudate materials were processed according to two methods: extrusion by means of a capillary rheometer and injection moulding. The rheological properties of the blends and plain polymers, the mode and state of dispersion of the minor component and the impact properties of the polyamide 6-based blends were investigated. Different blend morphologies, strongly depending on the post-blending processing conditions and on the percentage wt/wt ethylene-vinyl acetate/polyamide 6, were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The impact behaviour of the injection moulded blends was correlated with the scanning electron microscopy analysis of the fracture surfaces.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01117384
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polyamide 6/ethylene-co-vinyl acetate blends: Morphology-properties relationships in injection moulded samples (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 22 (1987), S. 429-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The properties of injection moulded bars of blends of polyamide 6 with several samples of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) differing in vinylacetate content, molecular mass and melt viscosity and with one sample of an ethylene-vinylacetate-acrylic acid terpolymer were investigated. Correlations between molecular structure of EVA copolymers, overall composition, mode and state of dispersion of minor component and impact behaviour of injection moulded sheets of PA6/EVA blends were established.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01160749
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Particle size distribution in rubber modified polyamides 6 (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 23 (1988), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Particle size and particle-size distribution in rubber-toughened polyamides 6 (PA6) were determined according to the Schwartz-Saltikov method. The quantitative morphological analysis was performed on microtomed samples of binary and ternary blends containing ethylene-propylene random copolymer (EPR) and functionalized EPR rubber (EPR-g-SA). The blends were obtained according to two different methods: concurrent to the hydrolitic polymerization of caprolactam, and simultaneous melt mixing. The formation of an (EPR-g-SA)-g-PA6 copolymer during blending was assumed to occur in the ternary blends. Correlations between particle size, particle size distribution, preparation method, composition and Izod impact strength of such materials were investigated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01174048
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of the addition of ethylene-propylene random copolymers on the properties of high-density polyethylene/isotactic polypropylene blends: Part 1 - morphology and impact behavior of molded samples (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 536-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Two random commercial ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPM) with different ethylene content have been added to binary isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) blends by melt mixing in a Brabender-like apparatus. Impact Izod tests and a morphological analysis on the fractured surfaces of broken specimens have been performed and discussed, in order to improve the deficiency in toughness of the binary HDPE/iPP mixtures. The results show that the impact performance of both homopolymers and HDPE/iPP binary blends is strongly improved by the addition of the EPM copolymers. Such an effect is related to the fact that the overall morphology, as well as the mechanism and mode of fracture, are greatly modified by the presence of such additives. The extent is dependent on factors such as the nature of the matrix (HDPE or iPP), the composition, and the chemical structure and/or the molecular mass of the added copolymer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220904
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphology - properties relationships in binary polyamide 6/rubber blends: Influence of the addition of a functionalized rubber (1984)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 48-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The modification of an amorphous random ethylene-propylene rubbery copolymer (EPM) has been accomplished by solution grafting of maleic anhydride molecules promoted by radical initiators, The resulting EPM-g-succinic anhydride (EPM-g-SA) and EPM have been used to obtain binary polyamide 6/EPM or polyamide 6/EPM-g-SA and ternary polyamide 6/EPM/EPM-g-SA blends by melt mixing. The formation of an EPM-g-PA6 graft copolymer during the blend preparation has been assumed. Different blend morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) according to the nature and content of the rubber used. The tensile mechanical properties and the impact behavior of the prepared blends were investigated and correlated with the SEM analysis of the fracture surfaces. Binary and ternary blends containing 20 percent by weight of total rubber show a significant improvement of the impact properties at low temperature (-20°C) when the rubber is partly or entirely EPM-g-SA. In the case of PA6/EPM-g-SA (80/20) blend these results are related to the presence of rubbery domains of very small size strongly adherent to the PA6 matrix. In the case of 80/10/10 ternary blends, a much more complicated overall morphology is observed. Such morphology is characterized by the presence of large EPM domains, likely containing some EPM-g-PA6 graft molecules acting as an interfacial agent, and domains of EPM-g-PA6 of smaller size strongly adherent to the matrix as in the previous case.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760240106
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A new method of preparation of a rubber-modified polyamide directly during caprolactam polymerizationPresented in part at the 6th Conférence Européenne des Plastique, June 1882, Paris. (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 193-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A new method to obtain a rubber-modified polyamide 6 (PA6) directly during the polymerization of the caprolactam (CL) is described. Binary and ternary blends containing ethylene-propylene random copolymers (EPM) and/or a fictionalized EPM rubber (EPM-g-SA) were prepared and their morphology as well as their mechanical properties were investigated as function of composition and reaction conditions. It was found that the morphology of the blends is strongly dependent on the method of preparation. More complex structures are observed in blends obtained with the “Solution” preparation. For a better resolution of the morphology, the smooth ultramicrotomed surfaces were exposed to boiling xylene before SEM (scanning electron microscopy) examination. The rubbery phases are selectively dissolved whereas the PA6 matrix is left. The tensile mechanical properties and the Izod impact behavior are related to the mode and state of dispersion of the rubbery components. The impact properties of ternary PA6/EPM/EPMg-SA (80/18/2) and (80/15/5) blends, prepared during the CL polymerization are comparable to those of similar blends obtained by usual melt mixing procedures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250402
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