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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature-dependent changes of amine levels during early seedling development of the cold-adapted subantarctic crucifer Pringlea antiscorbutica (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 118 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pringlea antiscorbutica R. Br., an endemic crucifer from the Kerguelen Archipelago in the subantarctic, has been previously shown to be unable to acclimatize to 25°C when transferred after several months cultivation under cold conditions. Furthermore, the polyamine composition was greatly modified in such high-temperature-treated plants. The development of seedlings of this species was investigated under a regime mimicking the subantarctic summer thermoperiod (5/10°C night/day) and a regime with high temperatures (22/25°C night/day). In parallel, the associated changes in polyamine composition that occurred during the first 6 days of seedling life were determined. Marked acceleration of seedling growth and intense cotyledon greening were observed at day 4 in 5/10°C-grown seedlings but not in 22/25°C-grown seedlings. Seedlings grown at high temperature accumulated agmatine and putrescine, whereas cold-cultivated seedlings maintained high levels of spermidine. Cold-cultivated seedlings accumulated the uncommon long-chain polyamines norspermidine and homospermidine. These seedlings also accumulated free 1,3-diaminopropane, cadaverine, N1-acetylspermidine, N1-acetylspermine and bound polyamines, whereas seedlings under high temperature accumulated N1-acetylputrescine. Aromatic amine metabolism also appeared to be very responsive to temperature: seedlings under a cold regime accumulated free dopamine and bound phenylethylamine and tyramine, whereas seedlings grown at high temperature accumulated free tyramine. The possible relationships between the observed amine patterns and seedling growth under low and high temperature are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00007.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phénolamides et induction florale de Cichorium intybus dans différentes conditions de culture en serre ou in vitro (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 61 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Phenolamides and floral induction of Cichorium intybus in different conditions of culture in glass-room or in vitro.Three complexes between phenols and amines (phenolamides) have been found in Cichorium intybus L., a plant with an absolute requirement of vernalisation followed by long days for flowering. Upon hydrolysis, these complexes (A, B and C) liberate aromatic amines whose exact identification is in progress, but which are closely related to dopamine, tyramine and serotonin, respectively.In a first series of experiments, phenolamides were studied in the buds of plants grown in the greenhouse under varying conditions. Only buds from plants which flower in long days contained large amounts of these compounds. Much smaller amounts were found in buds at the end of vernalisation (at 2–4°C) before long-day treatment as well as in buds kept in the vegetative state after vernalisation by being grown in short days (8 h light) or in total darkness. In a second series of experiments, phenolamides were studied in bud-forming calli induced in vitro on explants of tuberised root. After sixteen days of culture in continuous light, large quantities of phenolamide were found in the buds and calli of the upper part of the explant, while the lower part which never produces buds contained much less.Buds formed under continuous light produce inflorescences in approximately one month. Various other culture conditions make it possible to maintain the explants in the vegetative state. This can be obtained by short-day conditions, or otherwise under continuous illumination by decreasing the sugar or increasing the NAA levels in the medium. After 13 days of culture, the phenolamide levels were much lower under all of these conditions, than under conditions favourable to floral induction. Compound C is absent or present in trace amounts in vegetative buds. The significance of the differences observed between floral and vegetative buds is supported by the sensitivity of the analytical techniques used.The accumulation of phenolamides in tissues of Cichorium intybus appears to be closely linked to floral induction. Under continuous light it begins very early in young buds and even in the calli that bear these buds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb05906.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amines of the subantarctic crucifer Pringlea antiscorbutica are responsive to temperature conditions (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 109 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Different polyamine and aromatic amine compositions and contents were observed in the leaves and the roots of plants from the subantarctic crucifer Pringlea antiscorbutica growing in the field and collected during the austral summer in Kerguelen and those grown under controlled conditions mimicking the thermoperiod and photoperiod conditions in summer in Kerguelen. In controlled conditions, the plants grew more slowly than in the field and did not flower. In roots, this was associated with an increase of agmatine (Agm). In contrast, acetylated putrescine (Put) disappeared while dopamine (Dop) and tryptamine (Try) were strongly reduced. In leaves, cultivation under controlled conditions led to an accumulation of Agm, acetylated Put, tyramine (Tyr) and Try. A complete depletion of acetylated spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) and a strong decrease of Dop occurred. Cultivation of plants at constant 25°C was lethal after a few weeks. Before the external symptoms of heat challenge became acute, leaves and roots showed a different amine content and composition. In roots, and to a lesser extent in leaves, heat treatment was associated with an apparent impairment in the ability to accumulate Agm, acetylated Put and Try. Strong increases in Put, Spd and Tyr and accumulation of hydroxycinnamoyl amines as feruloylputrescine, feruloylspermidine and feruloyltyramine were observed in leaves. Aminoguanidine, a potent and specific inhibitor of diamine oxidase activities, caused phenotypic alterations and changes in amine composition and content in roots and leaves of Pringlea plants similar to those observed under the heat treatment. Our results highlight possible roles of amine catabolism, acetylated polyamines and hydroxycinnamoyl amines in plant responses to external conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.100303.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress-induced changes in polyamine and tyramine levels can regulate proline accumulation in tomato leaf discs treated with sodium chloride (1998)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 104 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of salt stress on proline (Pro) accumulation and its relationship with the changes occurring at the level of polyamine (PA) metabolism and tyramine were investigated in leaf discs of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The rate of accumulation of Pro, PA and tyramine was higher in the salt-sensitive than in the salt-tolerant cultivar. In the salt-sensitive cultivar, Pro started to accumulate 4 h after the onset of the NaCl treatment, its maximum level being reached 27 h later. The lag phase was associated with a rapid decrease in putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) and some increase in 1,3-diaminopropane (Dap), a product of Spd and/or spermine (Spm) oxidation. This was followed by an increase in agmatine (Agm), cadaverine (Cad), Spm and tyramine. α-DL-difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), an inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase (ADC, EC 4.1.1.19), induced a decrease in the Put level in both control and stressed discs, while α-DL-difluoromethylomithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17), caused a decrease in Spd and Spm levels only in salinized discs. These data suggest that ADC is operating under both control and stress conditions, whereas ODC activity is promoted only in response to salt stress. DFMA also depressed the salt-induced Pro accumulation while DFMO did not inhibit this response. In salt-stressed leaf discs, the decrease in Spd level in response to methylglyoxal-bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) or cyclohexylammonium (CHA) treatment suggests that salt stress did not block SAM decarboxylase or Spd synthase activities. However, the increased level of Dap reflected a salt stress-promoted oxidation of PA. CHA and MGBG had no effect on Pro accumulation. Putrescine, Dap and especially tyramine supplied at low concentrations stimulated the Pro response which was, however, suppressed by application of Spm. Treatment with aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of diamine oxidases, also strongly inhibited Pro accumulation. These data suggest that salt-induced Pro accumulation in tomato leaf discs is closely related to changes in their PA metabolism, either via substrate-product relationships or regulatory effects at target(s) which remain to be characterized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1040207.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changing root and shoot architecture with the rolA gene from Agrobacterium rhizogenes: Interactions with gibberellic acid and polyamine metabolism (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 96 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of rolA on root and shoot architecture have been ascribed to a deficiency in gibberellic acid (GA3) and to changes in polyamine metabolism. Using tobacco, we examined interactions among GA3, a polyamine accumulation inhibitor (α-DL-difluoromethylornithine or DFMO) and the rolA gene controlled by the 35S CaMV promoter. We measured the effects of these three agents on architecture and polyamine accumulation in excised roots and whole plants grown in vitro. Previous work showed that DFMO or genetic transformation with the rolA gene from Agrobacterium rhizogenes, controlled by the 35S promoter (P35S-rolA), caused excised tobacco roots to grow faster with altered root system architecture. We show that gibberellic acid (GA3) reversed the effects of DFMO on the architecture of excised root systems, but neither reversed the effects of DFMO on growth, nor the changes in growth and architecture associated with P35S-rolA. GA3 treatment alone resulted in increased agmatine levels, suggesting that the inhibition of the effects of DFMO on architecture was through a stimulation of the arginine decarboxylase (ADC) pathway, GA3 alone also inhibited the accumulation of putrescine and tyramine conjugates in excised roots.In tobacco plants growing in vitro DFMO and P35S-rolA were associated with reduced shoot height, which was partially restored by GA3 treatment; however, GA3 also stimulated shoot height in the controls. GA3 did not lessen the leaf wrinkling associated with P35S-rolA. P35S-rolA increased root number in young seedlings in vitro, and increased root system length in seedlings grown in soil. As in excised roots, the developmental changes linked to DFMO and P35S-rolA were accompanied by reductions in putrescine titers. GA3 treatment stimulated putrescine accumulation in stems and leaves, and partially reversed the negative effects of DFMO and P35S-rolA on putrescine accumulation in roots, stems and leaves. Again, the restoration of putrescine pools appeared to be through a stimulation of the ADC pathway, since agmatine accumulated in plants exposed to GA3. In general, the effects of DFMO and P35S-rolA on phenotype and polyamine metabolism were coordinated, and in many cases these effects were similarly modulated by GA3, reinforcing the previous conclusion that the phenotypic effects of rolA in roots and shoots occur through interference with polyamine metabolism and that the putrescine conjugates are particularly important in regulating root system growth and architecture. We were unable, however, to discem consistent evidence for a direct role for GA3 in establishing the RolA phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00208.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydroxycinnamic acid amides and ripening to flower of Nicotiana tabacum var. xanthi n.c. (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 53 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two kinds of hydroxycinnamic derivatives can be found in tobacco: esters and amides. They do not accumulate in the same way during development. Esters, especially chlorogenic acids, are always present in all organs, whereas amides are observed only during certain periods in specific organs (from 47 days after sowing, in apical leaves, anthers and ovaries). A relationship has been found between accumulation of amides and flowering of plants grown at 20°C. By comparing amide accumulation as well as leaf emergence rate, both at a temperature that allows flowering (20°C) and at a temperature that inhibits flowering (30°C), it appears that amides begin to accumulate whenever a plant is ripening to flower.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1981.tb02721.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conjugated polyamines and reproductive development: Biochemical, molecular and physiological approaches (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 100 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Whole tobacco plants containing the root-inducing, left-hand transferred DNA (Ri TL-DNA) display a transformed phenotype, that includes alterations in a number of developmental processes, such as floral induction, flowering and reproduction. We show that the entire Ri TL-DNA is responsible for repression of ornithine and tyrosine decarboxylases while it exerts no effect on transferase and the methyl transferase activities. Evidence is provided that two genes from the Ri TL-DNA, rolA and rolC, alter polyamine metabolism as well as floral induction and flowering. Thus, plants transformed by the rolC gene (under the control of the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus) were male-sterile (non-viable pollen) and female fertility was reduced by approximatively 80%. A constitutive overexpression of the rolC gene may directly or indirectly cause inhibition of the accumulation of water-insoluble amine conjugates located in the anthers and all the methyl transferases, leading to increases of ornithine decarboxylase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and putrescine caffeoyl-CoA transferase. The results suggest that male sterility is associated with catabolic processes exerted at the level of water-insoluble amine conjugates and support the view that diamine oxidase may be involved in the regulation of the amine concentration during sexual differentiation, a factor that should be considered when attempting to decipher the mechanisms of control of sexual differentiation. The rolC gene could be useful in determining the role of diamine oxidase in the physiology of flowering. These results suggest that elevated free polyamine and water-soluble polyamine levels (located in the ovaries) contribute to abnormal floral development. The transformed phenotype due to P35S-rolA(the rolA gene fused to the 35S promoter) consisted of inhibited or delaved flowering, and altered floral morphology in the form of flower abortion. The effects of P35S-rolA on flowering and fertility are closely correlated with limitations in the accumulation of the water-soluble and -insoluble amine conjugates and increase in accumulation of free amines, indicating that amine conjugates (via transferases) have important functions in floral induction, floral evocation and reproduction. Spermidine availability as well as tyramine availability (in conjugated forms) could be limiting factor(s) in sexual development in tobacco.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb03074.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cinnamoyl putrescines on in vitro cell multiplication and differentiation of tobacco explants (1985)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 4 (1985), S. 158-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxycinnamoyl putrescines promote the cell multiplication of leaf discs of a tobacco mutant, RMB7, cultivatedin vitro on the Murashige and Skoog medium. This mutant never accumulates these molecules during its development and does not enter in floweirng. Maximal effect is obtained at 2.5·10−4M. The same molecules inhibit bud formation ofNicotiana tabacum var. Xanthi nc, at 5·10−5 M but promote callus formation. From 10−4 M to 5·10−3 M they strongly inhibit cell multiplication and bud formation without toxic effect. Their possible role in plant metabolism is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571306
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low activity of amine-oxidases and accumulation of conjugated polyamines in disfavour of organogenic programs in Chrysanthemum leaf disc explants (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 55 (1998), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: budding ; callus ; polyamine anabolism ; polyamine catabolism ; rooting ; transglutaminase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Foliar discs (8 mm diameter) from expanding leaves of the middle part of vegetative shoots of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat raised in vitro were induced to form directly on specific media in vitro either roots or vegetative buds, or callus. The budding programme, on its specific medium, was deviated to callus formation by the addition of 2 mM β-OH-E (β-OH-ethyldrazine, an inhibitor of diamine oxidase). Conversely vegetative buds instead of callus were formed on the callus medium in the presence of 2 mM DFMO (difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase). Callus formation was characterized by high accumulation of free and particularly conjugated polyamines (PA), very low or undetectable activities of diamine- and polyamine oxidases, and transglutaminase. DFMO-deviation of callus initiation in favour of bud formation lowered the accumulation of PA and increased the activity of amine-oxidases. The high catabolism of PA in the organogenic (rooting, budding) programs was questioned as to its role in developmental processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006153806610
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of root and somatic embryo production in Euonymus europaeus L. by an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis (1995)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 16 (1995), S. 5-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Euonymus europaeus L. ; polyamines ; putrescine ; root ; somatic embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In vitro formation of roots and somatic embryos is obtained from cotyledon explants of a Spindle tree (Euonymus europaeus L.) cultured on two different media: a medium inducing callus formation and the production of roots, and a medium inducing callus formation, root and somatic embryo production. We studied the effects of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific, irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) on root and somatic embryo production, growth and titers of putrescine in Euonymus explants and explant-derived calli. Early changes in putrescine levels were detected in both cultures before the visible emergence of roots or somatic embryos. DFMO rapidly inhibited putrescine accumulation and growth in non-embryogenic calli and highly stimulated rooting activity. DFMO partially inhibited putrescine accumulation in embryogenic calli. This inhibition had no effects on callus growth but significantly reduced the time of emergence of roots and highly stimulated somatic embryo production. The relationship among putrescine, putrescine metabolism, growth, root and somatic embryo formation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040501
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