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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 36 (1991), S. 407-430 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 73-79 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leaf miner ; Agromyza frontella ; diurnal activity pattern ; hygrothermic stress ; sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'observation visuelle des adultes de la mineuse virgule de la luzerne, A. frontella, dans des champs de luzerne de deux regions differentes du Québec, ont démontré que les mâles étaient plus nombreux sur les plantes tôt le matin, vers la find de l'après — midi et tôt en soirée, ce qui a coincidé avec l'occurence bimodale de l'accouplement. L'abondance diurne des femelles variait moins que celle des mâles et les femelles se nourrissaient activement pendant toute la journée. La fréquence de l'alimentation et de la ponte chez les femelles (les mâles n'étant observé que très rarement en train de se nourrir) étaient corrélées positivement à la température ambiante de l'air de méme qu'à l'insolation mais étaient négativement corrélées à l'humidité relative. Contrairement aux femelles, l'abondance des mâles et l'incidence de l'accouplement étaient habituellement corrélées négativement à la température ambiante de l'air, à l'insolation et à la vitesse du vent alors qu'elles étaient positivement corrélées à l'humidité relative. Plusieurs hypothèses pouvant expliquer le dimorphisme sexuelle des activitées diurnes de cette mineuse ainsi que leurs implications quant à la “fitness”, des individus, sont discutés.
    Notes: Abstract Observations of adult Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (cv. Saranac), fields in two regions of Quebec, Canada, demonstrated that males were most abundant on alfalfa plants early in the morning and in the late afternoon/early evening, which coincided with the occurrence of bimodal mating activity. Male abundance and incidence of mating were usually negatively correlated with air temperature, solar insolation and wind speed and positively correlated with relative humidity. The daily pattern of female abundance on alfalfa varied less than that of males. Females fed and oviposited throughout the day, and the frequency of these activities were usually positively correlated with air temperature and solar insolation and negatively correlated with relative humidity. Possible reasons for the sexual dimorphism in the daily activity patterns of this leaf miner, and their significance for individual fitness, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Calling ; mating ; relative humidity ; age ; reproduction ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié le comportement d'appel des femelles vierges d'Ostrinia nubilalis maintenues sous trois conditions constantes d'humidité relative, depuis l'émergence jusqu'à la sixième nuit d'appel, ainsi que l'incidence d'accouplement d'individus placés en milieu sec ou humide pour diverses périodes de temps. Les conditions d'humidité n'ont pas significativement affecté l'âge moyen auquel les femelles ont commencé à appeler au cours de leur vie, bien qu'il ait été plus variable à 53% h.r. Les nuits subséquentes, le comportement d'appel des femelles maintenues à basse humidité a débuté plus tard dans la nuit, s'est exprimé pour une période de temps plus courte avec moins de séquences d'appel que celui de leurs congénères placés en milieu humide, et la proportion de femelles en appel a toujours été plus faible à 53% h.r. Ces changements du comportement préreproducteur des femelles se sont répercutés sur l'incidence d'accouplement qui, les deux premiers jours suivant lémergence, a été significativement plus faible à basse humidité qu'elle ne l'a été en milieu humide. Ces résultats seront discutés en relation avec l'écologie de O. nubilalis et associés à sa susceptibilité à la dessication.
    Notes: Abstract We examined the calling behaviour of O. nubilalis virgin females, held at three different constant conditions of relative humidity from the time of emergence through their sixth night of calling, as well as the incidence of mating over time at low or high relative humidity conditions. The mean age at which females initiated calling in their life was independent of relative humidity conditions, although more variable at low humidity. On successive nights of calling, fewer virgin European corn borer females called under low compared with high humidity conditions, and those that did began later in scotophase, had fewer calling bouts, and spent less time calling. These changes in the female prereproductive behaviour were reflected on the incidence of mating which, in the first two days following emergence, was significantly less at low than at high humidity conditions. The ecological significance of these results is discussed in relation with the susceptibility of O. nubilalis to desiccation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 236-240 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; semiochemicals ; sex pheromones ; host plants ; secondary plant compounds ; calling behaviour ; mate choice ; Homoesoma electellum ; Pseudaletia unipuncta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of host plants in the synthesis and release of lepidopteran sex pheromones is examined. Females synthesise pheromones de novo and pheromone quality is not markedly influenced by larval food sources. However, host plants may have a significant effect on different physiological and behavioural parameters associated with pheromone production. Males in some species of Nymphalidae and Arctiidae use secondary plant compounds, such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids, as a pheromone precursor. In such cases these plant compounds serve an additional role, such as protection against predation, and may reflect potential male reproductive investment. In the one instance where the effect of larval host plants on the de novo synthesis of a male sex pheromone was examined, larval nutrition did not alter either the quality or quantity of the hairpencil contents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 73 (1987), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Foraging ; Leaf miner ; Host ranking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The foraging behavior of females of the leaf miner, Agromyza frontella (Rondani), (Diptera: Agromyzidae) when encountering unexploited or exploited alfalfa plants was studied in large field cages and in laboratory bioassays. Females did not recognize any exploited leaflets before contacting them and did not distinguish between leaflets with an egg or first instar larva and unexploited leaflets, even after contact. Only one fly oviposited in leaflets which contained 80–120 nutrition holes, one late second or third instar larva or which were marked with an epideictic pheromone in field cages. In laboratory bioassays females oviposited less in leaflets containing a second or third instar larva or an empty larval mine than in unexploited ones. Females foraging on unexploited leaflets engaged in area-restricted search and 10 of 11 females remained on the test plant for the full 60 min of observation. However, females foraging on exploited plants were much more active, spent a greater proportion of their time searching for suitable hosts, had the highest rates of visitation to all above ground plant parts and emigrated to the cage walls before 60 min had elapsed. These quantitative measures of foraging behavior indicated that females ranked plants after landing on them in the following order: unexploited plants 〉plants marked with pheromone or with many nutrition holes 〉plants with late instar larvae. The order of host ranking by foragers was in general agreement with the suitability of the host plants for larval survival, development and reproduction, as estimated from previous laboratory studies. Females of A. frontella foraging on unexploited alfalfa plants fed and oviposited significantly more often in the upper apical leaflets than in the lower, older leaflets. However, the choice of feeding site by flies on exploited plants did not vary with leaflet position (age), indicating that females fed in order to sample leaflet quality and that females investigated lower (older) leaves after they discovered that the preferred upper leaves were occupied. These data suggest that high quality oviposition sites may be limiting for A. frontella females, which could explain why superparasitism of leaflets sometimes occurs in nature, even when unexploited sites are available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Armyworm ; benzaldehyde ; benzyl alcohol ; hairpencils ; male response ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; Pseudaletia unipuncta ; scent brushes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Levels of benzaldehyde recovered from virginPseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) males were not influenced by (1) the time hairpencils remained in the solvent (1-72 hr), (2) anesthetization or agitation of males prior to excision of hairpencils, or (3) the time (photophase or scotophase) that hairpencils were excised. Thus the interindividual variability observed is not a methodological artifact. Most males had similar concentrations in both hairpencils, although in some cases only one hairpencil contained pheromone. In one case, a male with partially extruded hairpencils had no benzaldehyde at all. Neither pupal weight nor hairpencil length proved to be reliable indicators of pheromone content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs décrivent les interactions entre deux hyperparasitoides,Catolaccus aeneoviridis etSpilochalcis side, et les microsporidies,Nosema heliothidis etN. campoletidis. Aucune des espèces hyperparasitoides ne fut infectée quand elles ont parasité des nymphes du parasitoide primaire,Campoletis sonorensis infecté parN. hehothidis. Cependant, les adultes deC. aeneoviridis furent infectés systématiquement lors qu'ils se développèrent dans des nymphes deCampoletis infectées parN. campoletidis; la transmission transovarienne de la microsporidie jusqu'aux individus de la F3 a été également démontrée.S. side a été aussi infecté parN. campoletidis mais chez cet hyperparasitoide le développement de la microsporidie a été arrêté au stade de sporoblaste. Les spores mures n'ont pas été observées dans les adultes deS. side et la microsporidie n'est pas transmise par la voie transovarienne. Les interactions entre les hyperparasitoides et les deux microsporidies n'ont pas d'effet nuisible démontrable puisque la durée de développement et la longévité des adultes chez les hyperparasitoides contaminés ou exposés sont comparables à celles observées chez les témoins.
    Notes: Abstract The interactions of the hyperparasitoidsCatolaccus aeneoviridis (Girault) andSpilochalcis side (Walker) with the microsporidansNosema heliothidis Lutz & Splendor andN. campoletidis Brooks & Cranford are described. Neither hyperparasitoid species was infected upon parasitization of pupae of the primary parasitoidCampoletis sonorensis infected withN. heliothidis. However, upon development inCampoletis pupae infected withN. campoletidis, adults ofC. aeneoviridis were infected systemically; trassovarian transmission of the microsporidan to F3 individuals was also shown.S. side was also infected byN. campoletidis but in this hyperparasitoid, microsporidan development was arrested in the sporoblast stage. Mature spores were not observed in infectedS. side adults and the microsporidan was not transmitted transovarially. The interactions of the hyperparasitoids with the two microsporidans were not demonstrably detrimental as data on the developmental period and adult longevity of infected or exposed hyperparasitoids were similar to those of control individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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