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  • 1
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Chlorophyll a fluorescence ; Clusia ; Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) ; Electron transport rate through photosystem II ; Malate decarboxylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence during the day and diurnal-changes of net CO2-exchange and organic acid contents were determined in two species of the genus Clusia during the dry season in Venezuela. The investigations included plants of the C3/CAM intermediate species Clusia minor and the C3 species C. multiflora growing at exposed and shaded sites. Both species showed a C3 pattern of net CO2-exchange at the exposed site. In the shade under extreme drought stress C. minor showed a weak expression of CAM without CO2-uptake during the afternoon (phase IV of CAM). C. multiflora growing in the shade exhibited a C3-pattern of net CO2-exchange and a small but significant nocturnal accumulation of citrate. Shaded plants of C. minor were able to double their light utilisation for electron transport and to reduce non-photochemical quenching during phase III compared to phase II of CAM. Furthermore, increase of electron transport rate through photosystem II in phase III of CAM is correlated to decarboxylation of malate. At the exposed site C. multiflora was less negatively affected by high PPFD than C. minor. This was shown by a lower reduction of potential electron quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and higher light utilisation of electron transport of C. multiflora compared to C. minor. At the exposed site C. minor did not make use of the CAM option to increase light utilisation of electron transport and to reduce non-photochemical quenching as did the plants growing in the shade.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: °13C value ; Tropical forests ; CO2 recycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The variability of δ13C values was measured in leaf, stem and root tissues of several tree species growing in closed natural and plantation forests in the Luquillo mountains of Puerto Rico. Results confirm a significant decrease of δ13C values from the tree canopy to the forest floor. The values measured in understory plants growing in gaps were not significantly different from the average for plants growing under the forest shade. Seedling leaf values tended to be more positive than those of saplings, probably reflecting the contribution of organic matter from the mother tree. Photosynthetic independence on the forest floor results in a reduction in °13C value. Stem and root tissue values of seedlings and saplings were less negative than those of the leaves of the same plants. It is suggested that this difference results from the slower change in isotopic composition experienced by the woody tissue, as the seedlings become photosynthetically independent in the forest floor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 76 (1988), S. 222-235 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Amazonian forests ; Root growth ; Nutrient release ; Organic matter decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Relationships between fine root growth, rates of litter decomposition and nutrient release were analysed in a mixed forest on Tierra Firme, a Tall Amazon Caatinga and a Low Bana on podsolized sands near San Carlos de Rio Negro. Fine root growth in the upper soil layers (root mat+10 cm upper soil) was considerably higher in the Tierra Firme forest (1117 g m-2 yr-1) than in tall Cattinga (120) and Bana (235). Fine root growth on top of the root mat was stimulated significantly by added N in Tall Caatinga and Low Bana forests, by P in Tierra Firme and Bana forests, and by Ca only in the Tierra Firme forest. Rate of fine root growth in Tierra Firme forest on fresh litter is strongly correlated with the Mg and Ca content of litter. Rate of litter decomposition was inversely related to % lignin and the lignin/N ratio of litter. Litter contact with the dense root mat of the Tierra Firme increased rates of disappearance for biomass, Ca and Mg as compared with litter permanently separated or lifted weekly from the root mat to avoid root attachment. Nitrogen concentration of decomposing litter increased in all forests, net N released being observed only in Caryocar glabrum and Aspidosperma megalocarpum of the Tierra Firme forest after one year of exposure. Results emphasize the differences in limiting nutrients in amazonian forest ecosystems on contrasting soil types: Tierra Firme forests are particularly limited by Ca and Mg, while Caatinga and Bana forests are limited mainly by N availability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 71 (1993), S. 967-980 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Directed polymers ; hierarchical lattices ; disorder ; moments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We prove the moments of the directed polymer partition function GZ, using an exact position space renormalization group scheme on a hierarchical lattice. After sufficient iteration the characteristic functionf(n)=ln〈GZn〉 of the probability ℘(Z) converges to a stable limitf *(n). For smalln the limiting behavior is independent of the initial distribution, while for largen,f *(n) is completely determined by it and is thus nonuniversal. There is a smooth crossover between the two regimes for small effective dimensions, and the nonlinear behavior of the small moments can be used to extract information on the universal scaling properties of the distribution. For large effective dimensions there is a sharp transition between the two regimes, and analytical continuation from integer moments ton→0 is not possible. Replica arguments can account for most features of the observed results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 75 (1994), S. 135-151 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Resistor networks ; hierarchical lattices ; disorder ; probability distributions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The self-averaging properties of the conductanceg are explored in random resistor networks (RRN) with a broad distribution of bond strengthsP(g)∼g μ−1. The RRN problem is cast in terms of simple combinations of random variables on hierarchical lattices. Distributions of equivalent conductances are estimated numerically on hierarchical lattices as a function of sizeL and the distribution tail strength parameter μ. For networks above the percolation threshold, convergence to a Gaussian basin is always the case, except in the limit μ→0. Adisorder length ξD is identified, beyond which the system is effectively homogeneous. This length scale diverges as ξD∼∣µ∣−v (ν is the regular percolation correlation length exponent) when the microscopic distribution of conductors is exponentially wide (μ→0). This implies that exactly the same critical behavior can be induced by geometrical disorder and by strong bond disorder with the bond occupation probabilityp↔μ. We find that only lattices at the percolation threshold have renormalized probability distributions in aLevy-like basin. At the percolation threshold the disorder length diverges at a critical tail strength µc as ∣µ−∣−z withz∼3.2±0.1, a new exponent.Critical path analysis is used in a generalized form to give the macroscopic conductance in the case of lattices abovep c.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidity ; Al3+ ; Al-accumulators ; Al tolerance ; cloud forest ; rhizosphere alkalinization ; xylem Al
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aluminium tolerance of several tree species was studied in a cloud forest in Northern Venezuela, growing on a very acid soil and rich in soluble Al. The Al-accumulator species (〉1000 ppm in leaves) were compared to non-accumulator ones in relation to total Al concentration in xylem sap, pH and Al concentration in vacuoles, and rhizosphere alkalinization capacity. The Al3+ concentration in the soil solution and the xylem sap were also measured. The results show that in the Al-accumulator plant Richeria grandis, xylem sap is relatively rich in Al and about 35% of it is present in ionic form. In the non-accumulator plant studied (Guapira olfersiana) there is no Al detectable in xylem sap. The pH of vacuolar sap of several Al-accumulator species studied was very acidic and ranged between 2.6–4.8, but the presence of Al in vacuoles was not correlated with the acidity of the vacuolar sap. Both Al-accumulator and non accumulator plants had the capacity to reduce acidity of the rhizosphere and increased the pH of the nutrient solution by one unit within the first 24 hours. Trees growing in natural, high acidity-high Al3+ environment show a series of tolerance mechanisms, such as deposition of Al in vacuoles, Al chelation and rhizosphere alkalinization. These partially ameliorate the toxic effects of this element, but they probably impose a high ecological cost in terms of photosynthate allocation and growth rate.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: sclerophylls ; serpentinite-nickel accumulators ; tropical forests ; ultramafic soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between water and soil nutrient availability in determining leaf nutritional composition and structural features were investigated in forests on serpentine in Maricao and Susua (Puerto Rico). These forests grow under contrasting rainfall regimes: Maricao is a wet forest located at altitudes above 500 m and receiving more than 2500 mm rainfall, while Susua is a humid forest located well below 500 m, with less than 1500 mm rainfall and a well defined dry season. Dominant tree species and soils were analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Ni. Soils can be differentiated according to their K content (higher in Maricao) and P contents (higher in Susua). Mature leaves of both forests have sclerophyllous characteristics as judged from the Specific Leaf Areas (〈80 cm2 g-1) and low P contents. Leaf area development is strongly correlated with leaf N and P contents in both forests, but Maricao samples appear to be more limited by P availability. In concordance with soil values, the Susua leaf sample set has significantly higher contents of P, but lower contents of K when compared with the Maricao sample set. Analyses of soluble K, Ca, and Mg reveal strong physiological selectivity in the absorption of these cations. K/Ca and Ca/Mg ratios are markedly higher in the soluble leaf extracts than in the soil extracts. It seems that restriction to vegetation development in the serpentine areas investigated are more related to nutritional deficiencies and not to high contents of either Mg or Ni in the upper soil layers. Only two strong Ni accumulators were found, Cassine xylocarpa (1.2 μmol Ni g-1 dry mass or 70 μg g-1) from Susua, and Chionanthus domingensis (12.2 μmol g-1, or about 700 μg g-1) from Maricao. These species are not restricted to serpentine areas in Puerto Rico.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 9 (1963), S. 217-229 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The relationship between chlorophyll content and the annual productivity of several vegetation units in Baden-Württemberg has been investigated. Fig. 1 and table I show the type and the geographical location of the different areas studied. The size of the plots varies between 1/16 and 15 m2 according to their homogeneity. For sample collection we followed the indications ofBray 1960 and 1962. The preparation of the sample and the measurement of chlorophyll content have been made according to the technics ofMcKinney 1941 andHager 1959. The changes and modifications, necessary for serial measurements are described in the chapter of methods. The results are recorded in table III and IV as well as in fig. 2. The chlorophyll content of the different units lies between 0.16–5.30 g/m2. The quantities of chlorophyll show a relation with the standing crop at the time the samples were collected. We found a correlation coefficient r=+0.82 (= 68%) between the above ground organic matter and its chlorophyll content. Only those samples were considered for these calculations by which the last years production was the same as the standing crop. Fig. 2 and 3 show that the relation between chlorophyll content and standing crop, according to our measurements has no linear proportion as was found byBray. The regression line of our data follows the equation $$\log y = 2.19 + 0.24 x$$ whereas we calculated the equation forBray's results as $$y = 40.5 + 397.8 x$$ In both equations x means the chlorophyll content in g/m2 and y the dry weight for above ground organic matter in g/m2. From our present experiences we may conclude, that it is not possible to determine the quantity of annual productivity from one single and simple measurement of chlorophyll content in a vegetation unit. Further investigations have to clarify whether there is a better correlation between the integrated value „chlorophyll content × time of development“ of the vegetation period and the annual productivity.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Chlorophyllgehalt und der Produktionshöhe verschiedener Vegetationseinheiten in Baden-Württemberg untersucht. Als Untersuchungsobjekte wählten wir vorwiegend Flächen mit krautiger Vegetation aus. Art und geographische Lage der Flächen sind in Tab. I und Fig. 1 mitgeteilt. Die Größe der Untersuchungsflächen schwankte je nach ihrer Beschaffenheit zwischen 1/16 und 15 m2. Bei der Probenentnahme folgten wir im wesentlichen der Vorschrift vonBray 1960 und 1962. Die weitere Aufarbeitung und die Bestimmung des Chlorophyllgehaltes wurde im allgemeinen nach den vonHager 1959 undMcKinney 1941 zusammengestellten Arbeitsvorschriften durchgeführt. Die für die Serienuntersuchungen erforderlichen Abweichungen sind im Kapitel über die Methodik beschrieben. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse sind in den Tabellen III und IV, sowie in Fig. 2 mitgeteilt. Wir fanden, daß der Chlorophyllgehalt in den von uns untersuchten Gesellschaften zwischen 0,16 und 5,30 g/m2 lag. Die Chlorophyllmenge zeigte eine Beziehung zum Bestandesvorrat (standing crop) zur Zeit der Probennahme. Der Korrelationskoeffizient von r=+0,82 ergab eine 68 prozentige Übereinstimmung. Für diese Berechnung wurden nur die Untersuchungsflächen mit herangezogen, bei denen der Bestandesvorrat in der laufenden Vegetationsperiode gebildet wurde. Wie man aus Fig. 2 und 3 ersieht, ist die Beziehung zwischen Chlorophyllgehalt und Bestandesvorrat in unserer Versuchsserie nicht linear, wie das z.B.Bray gefunden hat. Die Regressionslinie folgt in unseren Versuchen der Formel $$\log y = 2,19 + 0,24 x$$ während wir aus den Angaben vonBray die Formel y=40,5+397,8 x berechneten. In diesen Formeln ist jeweils x die Chlorophyllmenge in g/m2 und y das Trockengewicht in g/m2. Unsere bisherigen Erfahrungen zeigen, daß einfache, einmalige Chlorophyllbestimmungen in einem Pflanzenbestand noch keinen Schluß über die Höhe seiner Jahresproduktion an Trockensubstanz zulassen. In weiteren Versuchen muß daher geklärt werden, ob sich eine brauchbare Korrelation zwischen der Produktivität und dem Integrationswert Chlorophyllmenge × Zeit ergibt. Dazu müssen die Chlorophyllspiegel in den Untersuchungsparzellen mehrmals im Jahr bestimmt werden.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Tropical estuaries ; Orinoco Delta ; Dam construction ; Marshes ; Swamp forests ; Mangroves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study documents the increased distribution of mangrove communities into the oligohaline regions of the Mánamo river as a consequence of a dam constructed in 1965. The dam caused a major change in the discharge regime of the water, stopping the annual floodings and allowing an extensive upriver intrusion of saline waters. Penetration of salt water from the sea due to the daily tides, that would be observed only during the dry season, occurs now throughout the year. Three sites were chosen along the upper, middle and lower river course. The evolution of site geomorphology and vegetation was evaluated over 3 periods, from 1932 to 1996, using aerial photographs and recent field surveys. Soil and plant samples were taken in the mangrove communities of two sites nearer to the river mouth along 100 m transects inland from the river fringe. The influence of sea water in soils was measured by the concentration of Na, Mg, Cl and SO4 in the interstitial soil water. In plants, the impact of soil salinity was determined by the concentration of Na, K, and Mg in mature leaves. The geomorphological processes created new habitats (sand bars) for aquatic and terrestrial vegetation. In the middle and lower river course tidal penetration of sea water due to lower river discharge salinized the soil, allowing mangrove establishment. This occurred mainly in the open sand bars or in areas with sparse herbaceous vegetation. The ion content was higher in the down river site and also higher in the subsoils compared with the topsoils. The apparent expansion rate of a plant community dominated by a mangrove species (Rhizophora mangle) increased from 1 ha yr−1 prior to the regulation of water flow, to 6–7 ha yr−1 after the river closure. The dam influences the entire Mánamo river basin, affecting the distribution of halophytic species along the river fringes.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Canopy structure ; C3and C4grasses ; Flooded tropical savannas ; Leaf nitrogen content ; Optimality model ; Seasonal tropical savannas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf photosynthetic characteristics, distribution patterns of nitrogen content per unit leaf area (nL) and leaf area production per unit nLwere measured in natural stands of a C4 grass (Hyparrhenia rufa) from the seasonal savannas and of a C4grass (Paspalum fasciculatum) and two C3grasses (Leersia hexandra and Hymenachne amplexicaulis) from the flooded savannas in central Venezuela. Daily rates of canopy photosynthesis (PcD) as well as the optimal leaf area production per unit nLat which PcDfor a given total amount of nitrogen in the canopy (i.e., canopy-PNUE) is maximized were also calculated. The C3and C4species from the flooded savannas had similar light saturated rates of photosynthesis per unit nL(i.e. leaf-PNUE) and similar canopy-PNUEs which was in strong contrast with previous studies. Especially H. rufa but also L. hexandra and H. amplexicaulis had leaf- and canopy-PNUEs which were considerably higher than the values calculated for most other species with the same photosynthetic pathway (i.e., C3or C4). In contrast to previous studies, differences in the light gradient in the canopy between stands only partially explained differences in N distribution. Measured leaf area indices were greater and the average nL values were consequently smaller than the calculated optima. There was, however, a very strong linear correlation between the optimal and actual average nLindicating that even though the model overestimated average nL, it did predict the differences in leaf area production per unit nitrogen – the inverse average nL– very well. This result strongly indicates that leaf area production per unit of leaf nitrogen increases with leaf-PNUE and decreases with the extinction coefficient for light. Grass species from seasonal savannas have extremely high leaf-PNUEs and thus optimally produce large amounts of leaf area per unit nL. This helps explain how stands of these species may have high leaf area indices and achieve high photosynthetic productivity despite the very low nutrient availability at which they grow.
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