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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolerance to ethanol's disruptive effects on operant behavior in rats (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 479-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Operant performance ; Delayed ethanol effect ; Drug-induced compensatory learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of pre-session and post-session daily ethanol injections on the development and loss of tolerance to ethanol's effects on fixed ratio operant performance in rats was assessed using a cumulative dosing procedure. Daily pre-session ethanol administration produced a greater decrease in ethanol sensitivity than did daily post-session ethanol. Both tolerance effects persisted for at least 1 month after the chronic injection phase. No changes in ethanol sensitivity were apparent in the saline control group and no changes in estimated blood ethanol levels were found after the chronic treatments. The post-session ethanol groups displayed a performance decrement during the initial segment of the chronic injection period, but improved significantly across the chronic phase. These data suggest that some delayed effect of ethanol initially impaired performance but that tolerance to this ethanol effect also occurred and probably contributed to the decline in ethanol sensitivity seen in these groups. Compensatory learning as the mechanism for tolerance development in the pre-session and post-session ethanol groups was supported by the finding of no change in ethanol sensitivity in rats exposed to comparable daily ethanol without any concurrent operant task on which the direct, immediate, or indirect, delayed ethanol effects could operate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00589895
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chlordiazepoxide/pentylenetetrazol discrimination: characterization of drug interactions and homeostatic responses to drug challenges (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chlordiazepoxide ; Pentylenetetrazol ; Drug discrimination ; Anxiolytics ; Anxiogenics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate chlordiazepoxide (CDP) from pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in a two-lever food motivated discrimination task. Training drug doses were adjusted until subjects emitted approximately 50% of their responses on each of the two drug-appropriate levers during saline injection tests. Tests that followed injection of CDP/PTZ combinations illustrated a reciprocal antagonism between the two drugs. Saline-injection tests that followed large dose injections of CDP revealed a period of predominantly PTZ-appropriate responding that persisted after the initial period of predominantly CDP-appropriate responding. These data are interpreted to suggest that, unlike some other drugs that have been shown to antagonize the behavioral and CNS effects of benzodiazepines, the interoceptive stimulus generated by PTZ occupies a position opposite to that of CDP along some single affective continuum. In addition, these data suggest that drug/drug (DD) discriminations are capable of characterizing the interactions between training drugs. Finally, the data suggest that the CDP/PTZ discrimination is a sensitive detector of bidirectional shifts in interoceptive stimulus state along the CDP/PTZ continuum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431527
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolerance to ethanol's effects on operant performance in rats: role of number and pattern of intoxicated practice opportunities (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 109 (1992), S. 112-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Operant performance ; Tolerance ; Intoxicated practice ; Compensatory behaviors ; Acute ethanol withdrawal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acquisition and retention of tolerance to ethanol's rate-decreasing effects on operant performance were examined in rats which received a 52-day regimen of ethanol or saline injections prior to and/or after each daily session. Eight groups of rats differed on: (a) number of days with intoxicated practice (pre-session ethanol); (b) intermittent (spaced) or daily (massed) intoxicated practice; and (c) post-session ethanol or saline on nonintoxicated practice days. Massed practice groups were given their presession saline days prior to their pre-session ethanol days. Ethanol dose-effect tests were given prior to, during, and after the chronic injection regimen. Under both spaced and massed practice conditions, the magnitude of tolerance developed increased directly with the number of pre-session ethanol days, even when absolute ethanol exposure was constant. No group showed complete tolerance loss. The post-session ethanol supplements (a) facilitated tolerance development in spaced practice groups and tolerance loss in massed practice groups, (b) blocked ethanol's low dose rate-increasing effects, and (c) produced an acute withdrawal-like performance disruption the next day. The results suggest that both intoxicated practice and practice during acute ethanol withdrawal influence the acquisition and retention of compensatory behaviors during ethanol tolerance development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245488
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The HOPA Gene Dodecamer Duplication Is Not a Significant Etiological Factor in Autism (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of autism and developmental disorders 30 (2000), S. 355-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3432
    Keywords: HOPA gene ; dodecamer duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A recent study has suggested that a dodecamer duplication in the HOPA gene in Xq13 may occur in a significant portion of male patients with autism. We have determined the incidence of this duplication in 202 patients from the South Carolina Autism Study. The incidence of the duplication was not significantly different between patients and controls. Three of the female patients inherited the duplication from nonautistic fathers. In addition, there was no systematic skewing of X inactivation in the female patients with the duplication, or in nonautistic mothers and sisters with the duplication. These findings suggest that the dodecamer duplication in the HOPA gene does not play a significant role in the etiology of autism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005583517994
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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