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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Current concept of hydrocephalus: evolution of new classifications (1995)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 11 (1995), S. 523-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus ; Academic classification ; Practical classification ; Intractable hydrocephalus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Since hydrocephalus is a multifactorial disease with a diverse pathogenesis, no single, truly ideal classification of it exists. Hydrocephalus has been classified from various standpoints, each classification reflecting the current level of knowledge about hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus needs to be classified according to the purpose of the study. There are two major categories of classification of hydrocephalus: academic and practical. Untreatable hydrocephalus still occurs. We propose a practical clinical classification based on the time of onset and the etiology for use in the clinico-epidemiologic study of intractable hydrocephalus and its future management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00822842
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorescence localization of anti-pregnant rat kidney antibody and lectin binding analysis in exencephalic rat embryos (1996)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 12 (1996), S. 595-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Fluorescence immunohistochemistry ; Lectin ; Neural tube defect ; Neurogenesis ; Teratogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We sought to determine the distribution of anti-pregnant rat kidney serum (ARKS) in fetuses that subsequently developed a form of neural tube defect (NTD). We produced exencephaly in rat embryos by injecting a rabbit anti-pregnant rat kidney serum into the peritoneal cavity of pregnant Wistar rats on day 7 of gestation; 71.1% (27/38) of the rat embryos developed this anomaly. Fluorescence immunohistochemical studies were performed to localize ARKS binding in the embryos. We also investigated the binding of two lectins, concanavalin A (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), to glycoconjugates on neuroepithelium during the process of neurulation in rat embryos injected with normal rabbit serum (NRS) and ARKS. We found for the first time that ARKS directly affected the neural tube during neurulation. Intense fluorescence was observed on the luminal side of the neuroepithelium in the intercellular region and on the basement membrane of the neural tube in embryos on day 9 of gestation (GD9). In GD21 embryos there was much more intense fluorescence in the extracellular matrix and the ependymal lining cells of the ventricles than in controls. The binding of the two lectins on the cell surface of the neuroepithelium during neurulation was different in rat embryos injected with ARKS than in normal embryos injected with NRS. These results support the idea that simple nonclosure and overgrowth constitute the mechanism of NTD. However, the lectin-binding data suggest that dysraphic states may be induced by cell-to-cell adhesive molecular failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261654
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary yolk sac tumor in the spinal cord (1998)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 14 (1998), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Yolk sac tumor ; Spinal cord ; Chemotherapy ; Radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of a primary yolk sac tumor of the spinal cord is reported. The patient was a 17-month-old Japanese girl, who was found to have an intramedullary mass at the upper thoracic level. The preoperative diagnosis was primary glioma, but histological examination of the surgical specimen revealed a yolk sac tumor. As there were no other lesions, the spinal cord lesion was considered to be the primary tumor. Based on our previous experience, we treated this patient with low-dose irradiation followed by combination chemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin. However, the effectiveness of this therapy was poor in this particular case, and the patient died of pyelonephritis with uncontrollable imbalance of serum electrolytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050293
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrocephalus — revision of its definition and classification with special reference to “intractable infantile hydrocephalus” (1990)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 6 (1990), S. 198-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus ; Pathogenesis ; Pathophysiology ; Definition ; Classification ; Intractable hydrocephalus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract With the advent of computed tomography (CT) scan, much information has been obtained about the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus. It is now clear that hydrocephalus is not a disease entity but rather a syndrome or sign resulting from disturbances in the dynamics of cerebralspinal fluid (CSF) caused by various diseases. Consequently, it has become necessary to revise its definition and classification. In this paper, a contemporary definition and classification of hydrocephalus are presented. Also, a classification of “intractable hydrocephalus”—with its diagnostic criteria—which is a clinically unsolved problem, is attempted, bearing in mind its place in the clinical management and future investigation of the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01850971
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain stem auditory-evoked potentials in meningomyelocele (1991)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 7 (1991), S. 316-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Brain stem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEPs) ; Chiari II malformation ; Meningomyelocele ; Brain-stem function ; Chronological changes ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Brain stem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEPs) were recorded in 30 patients with meningomyelocele and shunted hydrocephalus ranging in age from birth to 33 years. Twenty-two of them had Chiari II malformation, one of which was symptomatic. In 22 cases, including 15 with Chiari II malformation, BAEPs were recorded repeatedly after periods ranging from 18 months to 7 years. The results were as follows: (1) III–V interpeak latency (IPL) decreased progressively from prolonged to the normal range with growth until 25 years of age; (2) I–III IPL tended to prolong gradually from the normal range; (3) these findings may indicate that the natural history of Chiari II malformation is delayed maturation of the brain stem and intensification in the elongation and stretching of the hindbrain and lower cranial nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304830
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholamine alterations in experimental hydrocephalus (1992)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 8 (1992), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus ; Neurotransmitter ; Norepinephrine ; Dopamine ; Content ; Turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experimental hydrocephalus was induced in rats by intracisternal injection of kaolin suspension. The amounts of norepinephrine and dopamine were determined in the whole brain and specific brain regions at 1 week (acute phase) and 4 weeks (chronic phase). The turnover of catecholamine, an index of the activity of catecholamine-containing neurons, was determined by measuring the decrease in catechlamine contents 2 h after intraperitoneal injection of α-methyl-p-tyrosine (250 mg/kg), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase. We observed that the catecholamine contents in kaolin-induced hydrocephalus were not significantly different from control values. Following injection of α-methyl-p-tyrosine, there was decrease in levels of catecholamines in both control and hydrocephalic rats. This decrease was, however, significantly less in induced hydrocephalus than in control animals. This result suggested that in hydrocephalus, the activities of norepinephrinergic and dopaminergic neurons are reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300789
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subarachnoid fluid collection in infants complicated by subdural hematoma (1993)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 9 (1993), S. 282-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Subarachnoid fluid collection ; Subdural hematoma ; Infant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the natural history of infantile extracerebral fluid collections, subarachnoid fluid collection itself if regarded as a benign lesion, and surgical treatment is not indicated. As this condition is age-related and self-limiting, spontaneous resolution can be expected in most cases by 2–3 years of age. However, out of 20 cases of infantile subarachnoid fluid collection in an 8-year period, 3 infants developed subdural hematoma. Infantile subarachnoid fluid collection seems to be prone to complicate subdural hematoma. Surgical treatment should be considered when subarachnoid fluid collection is complicated by subdural hematoma due to arachnoid ruptures or tearing of the bridging veins. Therefore, all patients should be observed closely and measures should be taken to prevent head trauma since it may precipitate subdural hematoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306274
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in Chiari-II malformation (1988)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 4 (1988), S. 154-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Brainstem auditory evoked potentials ; Chiari-II malformation ; Hydrocephalus ; Shunting operation ; Meningomyelocele
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Brainstem function in patients with Chiari-II malformation was evaluated by brainstem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEPs). All cases had associated hydrocephalus, some of which were shunted. The effect of the shunting operation on the wave forms was examined as well as the age-wave relationships. Although the shunting operation resulted in shortened brainstem conduction time, the overall postshunt responses were still far from normal. Another significant finding was that whereas there were remarkable abnormalities in recorded wave-forms in cases younger than 8 years, normal or almost normal responses were obtained in all cases older than 8. BAEP abnormalities could not be correlated with the severity of meningomyelocele, nor was the predictive value of response in assessing potential risk of symptomatic Chiari malformation established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270907
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatosensory evoked potentials to median nerve stimulation in meningomyelocele: what is occurring in the hindbrain and its connections during growth? (1996)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 12 (1996), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Meningomyelocele ; Chiari type II malformation ; Somatosensory evoked potentials ; Brainstem auditory evoked potentials ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty patients with meningomyelocele (MMC) and shunted hydrocephalus, ranging in age from 3 to 23 years old, underwent serial recording of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to median nerve stimulation, on the basis of which to assess the evolution of dysfunction in the brainstem and its connections (cervical spinal cord, cervical nerve roots, lower cranial nerves). Eighteen patients had Chiari type II malformations, none of which was symptomatic. In all 20 patients, serial SEP recordings were obtained repeatedly after periods ranging from 2 to 7 years. The results were as follows: (1) the ratio of $$EP - N\overline {13}$$ interpeak latencies (IPLs) to body height (BH) tended to lengthen gradually after starting in the normal range with growth. (2) In contrast, the ratio $$N\overline {13} - N\overline {20}$$ IPLs/BH decreased continously to the normal range with growth, after initial prolongation. These findings and our earlier studies of brainstem auditory evoked potentials suggest that compression and traction result in strangulation of the cervical spinal cord and kinked medulla as well as stretching of the cervical nerve roots and lower cranial nerves. However, primary intrinsic functional disorders of the brainstem appeared to improve gradually during growth. The natural history of Chiari type II malformations involves these opposing dynamic phenomena in the hindbrain and its connections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573849
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain tumors in childhood: Statistical analysis of cases from the brain tumor registry of Japan (1986)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 2 (1986), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Childhood brain tumors ; Japan tumor registry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to summarize and statistically analyze 2,361 pediatric brain tumors out of a total of 20,192 human brain tumors from about 250 institutes in Japan during the period 1969–1978 in order to obtain an idea of their incidence and results of treatment. This report uses the classification and nomenclature adopted by UICC (Unio Internationalis Contra Cancrum) in 1965. Survival rate was computed as relative survival rate by the method reported by Cutler in 1964 [3]. Interestingly, germinomas (7.8%) are still frequent tumors in Japan. Astrocytoma (19.7%), medulloblastoma (16.6%), craniopharyngioma (12.5%), germinoma (7.8%) and ependymoma (6.6%) occurred in that order of frequency. Five-year survival rate of medulloblastoma was 35.7% in subtotal and 55.3% in “total” removal. Radiotherapy was an effective therapeutic adjunct for the treatment of medulloblastoma. The germinoma prognosis was good, with a 5-year survival rate of 42.4% without and 69.1% with radiation therapy, revealing radiotherapy as a statistically significant treatment. Radiotherapy, with or without shunt, is thus the treatment of choice. The survival rate of patients with craniopharyngiomas was also high, with a 5-year survival of approximately 75% in partial and 76.3% in total removal. Most of the craniopharyngiomas were treated by partial removal of the tumor, with or without radiotherapy. Patients treated with radiotherapy survived a little longer than patients without.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272492
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