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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vaccine strategies against Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: lessons from studies on cytotoxic T-cell-mediated immune regulation (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Immunological reviews 170 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary: Development of a vaccine against Epstein-Barr virus (HBV) is constrained by the latency phenotypes adopted by different EBV-associated diseases. Over the last few years an immense body of information on the pattern of viral gene expression in EBV-associated diseases and the rote of cytotoxic T cells in the control of these diseases has accumulated. It would seem reasonable to suggest that emerging technologies are at a level where vaccine trials aimed at controlling infectious mononucleosis, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkln's disease are justified. On the other hand, a more cautious approach may be required for the development of vaccines or immunotherapeutic strategies against Burkitt's lymphoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01328.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HUMAN CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES TO EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 15 (1997), S. 405-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) provides one of the most informative systems with which to study cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in humans. The virus establishes a highly immunogenic growth-transforming infection of B lymphocytes, associated with the coordinate expression of six virus-coded nuclear antigens (EBNAs 1, 2, 3A, 3B, 3C, -LP) and two latent membrane proteins (LMPs 1 and 2). This elicits both primary and memory CT8+ CTL responses that are markedly skewed toward HLA allele-specific epitopes drawn from the EBNA3A, 3B, 3C subset of latent proteins, with reactivities to other antigens being generally much less frequent. This heirarchy of immunodominance among the different latent proteins may at least partly reflect their differential accessibility to the HLA class I-processing pathway. Furthermore, CTLs to some of the immunodominant epitopes involve highly conserved T cell receptor (TCR) usage, a level of focusing which evidence suggests could have immunopathological consequences from cross-reactive recognition of other target structures. EBV is associated with a range of human tumors, and there is increasing interest in the possibility of targeting such malignancies using virus-specific CTLs. The dramatic reversal of EBV-driven lymphoproliferations in bone marrow transplant patients following CTL infusion demonstrates the potential of this approach, and here we discuss prospects for its extension to other EBV-positive tumors in which the immunodominant EBNA3A, 3B, 3C proteins are not expressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.405
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monoclonal Antibody Against a Melanosomal Protein in Melanotic and Amelanotic Human Melanoma Cells (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Periodontology 2000 2 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0757
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: BALB/c mice were immunized with tyrosinase, partially purified in two stages from a human melanoma cell line. A hybridoma was obtained which produced monoclonal antibody (MoAb 1C11) reactive with 8/10 melanoma cell lines and 10/10 primary cultures of human melanocytes, neval cells, and melanomas. Immunoreactivity correlated to a certain extent with tyrosinase activity but not with melanin content. No crossreactivity was obtained with neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, lymphoid cells, or murine melanomas. Purification of the antigen directly from cell lysates with a MoAb 1C11 CNBr-Sepharose affinity column gave a green-brown protein of 56 kDa with no detectable tyrosinase activity. This protein was therefore different from 60 kDa active tyrosinase, identified by enzyme activity and Western blotting with a MoAb derived previously (MoAb 5C12). Unlike 5C12, 1C11 reactivity was not destroyed by pretreatment of the antigen with periodate. Immunogold labelling showed that the 1C11-reactive antigen was associated with melanosomes, and there was close correlation between 5C12 and 1C11 reactivity in resistance to trypsin and in staining various melanocytic cell populations. MoAb 1C11 may therefore recognise a polypeptide epitope in a molecule closely linked to melanin biosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.1989.tb00150.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A case report: Immune responses and clinical course of the first human use of granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor-transduced autologous melanoma cells for immunotherapy (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 44 (1997), S. 10-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words GM-CSF-transduced autologous melanoma vaccine ; Cerebral metastases-acute cerebral oedema ; Tumour-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes ; Eosinophilia ; C-reactive protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The first use of granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor-transduced, lethally irradiated, autologous melanoma cells as a therapeutic vaccine in a patient with rapidly progressive, widely disseminated malignant melanoma resulted in the generation of a novel antitumour immune response associated with partial, albeit temporary, clinical benefit. An initially negative reaction to non-transduced, autologous melanoma cells was converted to a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction of increasing magnitude following successive vaccinations. While intradermal vaccine sites showed prominent dendritic cell accrual, DTH sites revealed a striking influx of eosinophils in addition to activated/memory T lymphocytes and macrophages, recalling the histology of challenge tumour cell rejection in immune mice. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) reactive with autologous melanoma cells were detectable at high frequency after vaccination, not only in limiting-dilution analysis, but also in bulk culture without added cytokines. Clonal analysis of CTL showed a conversion from a purely CD8+ response to a high proportion of CD4+ clones following vaccination. A prominent acute-phase response manifested by a five- to tenfold increase in C-reactive protein was observed, as was a systemic eosinophilia. Vaccination resulted in the regression of axillary lymphatic metastases, stabilisation of pulmonary metastases, and a dramatic, reversible increase in cerebral oedema associated with multiple central nervous system metastases; however, lesions in the adrenal glands, pancreas and spleen proved refractory. The antitumour effects and immune response were not detectable 2 months following the last vaccination. Irradiation of the extensive cerebral metastases resulted in rapid deterioration and death of the patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002620050349
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of EB virus transformation of non-adherent human lymphocytes by co-cultivation with adult fibroblasts (1976)
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 162 (1976), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transformation of a special population of non-adherent human lymphocytes by EB virus (EBV) is reversibly inhibited by co-cultivation on adult human fibroblasts. Neither fluid from adult fibroblast cultures nor extracts of fibroblasts inhibited such transformation, and the growth of already transformed lymphocytes was not inhibited on adult fibroblasts. The EBV-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) was detectable in inhibited cultures, with a maximum level of about 15% at 14 days after which it decreased gradually. Reversal of inhibition at 28 days, by either addition of phytohaemagglutinin or by removal of the lymphocytes from the adult fibroblasts, resulted in a prompt increase in the percentage of EBNA-positive cells and typical lymphoblastoid outgrowth. Transformation of EBV-infected non-adherent lymphocytes could be inhibited by the addition of adult fibroblasts up to 2–4 days after infection. The results indicate that, in the EBV-infection of non-adherent lymphocytes on adult fibroblasts, a block resulting in inhibition of transformation occurs between the production of EBNA and the onset of autonomous proliferation of the infected lymphocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02120993
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immune regulation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): EBV nuclear antigen as a target for EBV-specific T cell lysis (1991)
    Springer
    Springer seminars in immunopathology 13 (1991), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2196
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201465
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