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Notes: Seed shedding from heads of Alopecurus myosuroides occurred from late June to late August at most locations. Most seeds were shed before winter wheat (Triticum-aestivum L.) was harvested hut at two winter barley (Hordeum sativum L.) sites, only 50% of seed was shed prior to harvest. The viability of seeds shed at the start and end of the shedding period tended to be lower than that at peak shedding time in late July and early August. There were large differences between sites in the viability of the total amount of seed shed. The results of viability tests based on the presence of full caryopses and germination in pots of sterile soil were similar. Assessments of head numbers and head length were significantly correlated with total seed production. Head length, but not head number assessments, were also significantly correlated with viable seed production.

Notes: A single dominant mutation conferring resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) and cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides was incorporated into a quantitative model for the population development of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. The model predicts that from an initial seedbank of 100 seed m–2, 10–6 of which mutate to resistance each generation, and annual use of AOPP/CHD herbicides which kill 90% of susceptible but no resistant plants, a threshold of 10 plants m–2 surviving herbicides (‘field resistance’) will develop: in 9–10 years if all tillage is by tine cultivation to 10 cm deep; after 28–30 years of annual ploughing; in 12 years if tine cultivations are interspersed with ploughing once every 4 years. If AOPP/CHD herbicides are alternated with herbicides with different modes of action, outcomes depend on the annual kill rate: with 95% kill (of susceptible plants by AOPP/CHDs and all plants by alternative herbicides) and tine cultivation, field resistance develops in 22 years; however, resistance can be delayed for 45 years if AOPP/CHDs are rotated with two additional herbicides, each with a different mode of action. The model predictions on the number of years required for field resistance to develop are not highly sensitive to the density of the seedbank or the initial frequency of resistance.

Notes: The survival of Alopecurus myosuroides seeds was studied in soil under arable cropping and short term grass leys in which seed return was prevented. At two winter wheat sites, where weed seeds were sown, the mean annual seed decline was 73–83% over a 2- or 3-year period. The rate of decline was similar with all the cultivation systems studied: ploughing, tine cultivation and direct drilling. Seeds buried initially by ploughing, and then not disturbed by cultivation, were slightly more persistent.At five arable sites with natural populations of A. myosuroides, seed numbers declined to an average of 3% of the original amount present after 3 years, and to 1% after 4 years. Initial populations of over 50 000 seeds m−2 were recorded. Plant populations were not always proportional to the total seed content of the soil, especially on ploughed land.Seed decline in two grass fields was similar to that under arable cropping. A. myosuroides plants were recorded in a wheat crop following a 2-year grass ley. Weed plants did not persist in the vegetative state in grass used for conservation and grazing.At all sites, appreciable quantities of seeds were still present in the soil after 2–4 years. Although a relatively small proportion of seeds survived, the actual number of seeds surviving was substantial. For this reason, it was concluded that any eradication policy is unlikely to be effective in a cropping system dominated by winter cereals.

Notes: A matrix model was constructed for the prediction of vertical seed movement within the soil. This was inserted into a model of the life-cycle of Alopecurus myosuroides in order to predict seed population dynamics. Parameter values were obtained from published sources and from a single field cultivation experiment using coloured plastic beads. In simulations, stability of vertical distribution was reached sooner under ploughing than under rigid tine cultivation. Stable distributions were very different for the two cultivation methods, being reached by damped oscillations in the case of ploughing and asymptotically in the case of rigid tine cultivation.

Notes: Resistance to the cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicide sethoxydim was investigated in two UK Lolium multiflorum populations, Yorks A2 and PYL. Resistance screening experiments demonstrated a qualitative difference in the responses of the two populations to sethoxydim, suggesting that the molecular basis of resistance between them was different. After treatment, Yorks A2 plants were either alive (78% of sample tested) or dead (22% tested) but plants of the PYL population showed two further intermediate categories of response. The level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) insensitivity directly correlated with the degree of resistance at the whole plant level, indicating that the molecular basis of resistance is associated with differences in ACCase sensitivity in each population. Direct sequencing of the carboxyl transferase domain of the ACCase gene showed that an Ile-418-Leu substitution in the L. multiflorum chloroplastic ACCase (GenBank accession number 〈accessionId ref="info:ddbj-embl-genbank/AY710293"〉AY710293) confers resistance to sethoxydim in Yorks A2. This corresponds to amino acid residue 1781 in the Alopecurus myosuroides full ACCase sequence. This is the first report of this mutation in this L. multiflorum, which has also been reported in four other grass-weeds, including L. rigidum. However, no amino acid substitutions were found to be specifically associated with the resistant phenotypes in the PYL population and the molecular basis of resistance in this population remains to be resolved.

Notes: The appearance of biotypes of the annual grass weed black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides L. Huds), which are resistant to certain graminicides, is the most significant example of acquired resistance to herbicides seen so far in European agriculture. An investigation was perfomed into the basis of the specific cross-resistance to cyclohexanedione (CHD) and aryloxyphenoxypropionoic acid (AOPP) herbicides in the ‘Notts A1’ population of A. myosuroides, which survived treatment of fields with recommended rates of AOPP herbicides. In comparison with the wild-type ‘Rothamsted’ population, the resistant biotype showed over 100-fold resistance to these herbicides in a hydroponic growth system. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and activity of crude extracts of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) were commensurately less sensitive to these herbicides in Notts A1 compared with the Rothamsted biotype. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the highly resistant population has arisen through selection of a mutant ACCase which is much less sensitive to the AOPP and CHD graminicides. Rapidly growing cell suspension cultures established from the Notts A1 population also showed high resistance indices for CHD or AOPP herbicides compared with cultures from the Rothamsted biotype. Fatty acid biosynthesis and ACCase activity in the cell suspensions were similarly sensitive towards the graminicides to those in the foliar tissue counterparts of the resistant and sensitive populations. Moreover, purification of the main (chloroplast) isoform of acetyl-CoA carboxylase showed that this enzyme from the Notts A1 population was over 200-fold less sensitive towards the AOPP herbicide, quizalofop, than the equivalent isoform from the Rothamsted population. These data again fully supported the proposal that resistance in the Notts biotype is due to an insensitive acetyl-CoA carboxylase isoform. Overall, cell suspensions were also demonstrated to be excellent tools for further investigation of the molecular basis of the high level herbicide resistance which is prone to occur in A. myosuroides.

Notes: Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. was studied over a 2-year period in winter wheat established after tine cultivations or direct drilling. Straw was removed by baling or spread and burnt. Seed production was either allowed or prevented by cutting and removing all vegetation at the end of the first year. Cultivation differences had no consistent effect on plant or seed populations. Straw burning destroyed about 50% of seeds and encouraged the germination of surviving seeds. Weed populations in the crop were lower on burnt than on baled areas. Where seed shedding was allowed, populations of seeds in soil and plants increased by up to nine-fold per year. Straw burning resulted in smaller population increases. Seed decline in the soil averaged about 80% per year, so that less than 6% of the weed seeds sown were still viable after 2 years’burial in the soil. Most of the seed decline occurred between July and October and was slightly greater on burnt than on baled areas. Only part of this seed loss was accounted for by germination and emergence of seedlings during summer and autumn. Plants emerging in the crop represented less than 26% of viable seeds present in the soil at time of drilling the crop. Few seedlings emerged in spring. The viability of shed seeds varied with year and with weed density. High infestations were associated with lower seed viability and also fewer heads per plant.

Notes: Straw burning destroyed many Alopecurus myosuroides(blackgrass)seeds lying on the soil surface and, compared with straw baling, resulted in a smaller weed infestation in a subsequent direct-drilled winter wheat crop. The larger the amount of straw burnt, the higher the temperature reached on the soil surface and consequently the greater the control of the weed. Seeds that were fully imbibed were less susceptible to destruction by heat than were dry seeds. A shallow soil covering protected most seeds although some were stimulated to germinate. After straw burning the soil surface was a better environment for seed germination or seedling development than that under stubble. Differences in seedling numbers between treatments were not always proportional to differences in the numbers of viable seeds in the soil.Quelques effets du brûlage des pailles des céréales sur la viabilité des semences et l'implantation des plantules d'Alopecurus myosuroïdes Huds. et influence sur sa destructionLe brûlage des pailles a détruit de nombreuses semences d'Alopecurus myosuroïdes (vulpin) se trouvant à la surface du sol, ce qui a eu pour effet, par comparaison avec la récolte de la paille, de réduire l'infestation de la mauvaise herbe dans la culture suivante, un blé d'hiver en semis direct. Plus grande est la quantité de paille brûlée plus la température au niveau du sol est élevée et, par suite, meilleure est la destruction de la mauvaise herbe. Les semences qui avaient été complètement imbibées se sont montrées moins susceptibles d'être détruites par la chaleur que les semences sèches. L'existence d'une couche meuble superficielle sur le sol s'est révélée comme un meilleur environnement pour la germination des semences ou le développement des plantules que sous le chaume. Les différences entre le nombre des plantules selon les traitements n'ont pas toujours été proportionnelles aux quantités de semences viables présentes dans lesol.Einige Auswirtcungen des Verbrennens von Getreidestroh auf die Lebensfähigkeit der Samen, das Auflaufen und die Bekämpfung von Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.Das Verbrennen von Stroh zerstörte viele Samen von Alopecurus myosuroides(Ackerfuchsschwanz) die auf der Bodenoberfläche lagen und hatte, im Vergleich zum Ballenpressen, eine geringere Verseuchung in im Direktsaatverfahren nachgebauten Weizen zur Folge. Je grösser die Strohmenge war, desto höher war die Temperatur auf der Bodenotrerfläche und umso besser war die Bekämpfung des Ackerfuchsschwanzes. Samen, die mit Wasser vollgesogen waren, wurden durch die Hitze weniger geschädigt als trockene. Durch eine flache Bodenabdeckung wurden die meisten Samen geschützt, bei einigen wurde aber die Keimung stimuliert. Nach dem Strohverbrennen waren die Bodenverhältnisse für die Keimung und die Entwicklung der Keimlinge günstiger als in der Stoppel. Die Unterschiede in der Keimpflanzenzahl zwischen den Behandlungen waren nicht immer proportional zu den Unterschieden in der Anzahl lebensfähiger Samen im Boden.

Notes: Summary Viruses were isolated from two of three pools of the tickIxodes uriae collected from a puffin(Fratercula arctica) colony on the Shiant islands. One pool contained an orbivirus whereas evidence of both orbi- and bunyaviruses was found in the second pool. Serological tests showed that the orbiviruses were related to Cape Wrath virus in the Kemerovo serogroup; the bunyavirus appeared to be related to Clo Mor virus of the Sakhalin serogroup. The results indicate that an interchange of viruses may occur within seabird colonies of the north-west of Scotland.

Notes: Summary Viruses were isolated from 2 tick species collected from the nesting areas of seabirds on Great Saltee Island, Eire. Bunyaviruses of the Uukuniemi serogroup were isolated from hard ticks(Ixodes uriae andI. rothschildi), bunyaviruses of the Hughes serogroup from soft ticks(Ornithodoros maritimus), and orbiviruses of the Kemerovo serogroup fromI. uriae andO. maritimus. The results indicate that the bunyaviruses, but not the orbiviruses, show “tick specificity”. Neutralising activity against members of all 3 serogroups was detected in sera from chicks in the nesting areas; neutralising antibodies were probably maternal.