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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential pasture production in the uplands of Wales (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Only a very limited number of species, including red fescue (Festuca rubra), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), timothy (Phleum protense) and white clover (Trifolium repens) are considered as suitable for wet hill land. Detailed comparison of red fescue, perennial ryegrass and timothy on contrasting acid brown earth and stagnogley soils from 1966 to 1969 at Pant-y-dŵr Hill Centre (305 m OD) highlighted the advantages of red fescue in annual DM production and its more even distribution over a longer growing season but also indicated drawbacks of slow initial establishment and lower feed quality. In vitro DOMD of red fescue averaged 645 g kg−1 over the year compared with 690 g kg−1 for perennial ryegrass and timothy. Assessment of a narrow range of species under surface seeding conditions on a stagnogley soil from 1971 to 1975 confirmed the value of red fescue in DM production and persistence. The results are discussed in relation to the characteristics required in herbage species for hill land improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01687.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 29 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The DM and N contribution of S184 white clover in mixed ryegrass/clover swards was recorded at Pant-y-dwr Hill Centre (305 m) for 4 years, 1967–70. By direct comparison with fertilized grass swards it was estimated that the clover N contribution on peaty gley soil averaged 100 kg N/ha per year (89 Ib N/ac) under cutting and 98 kg N/ha (87 ib/ac) under grazing with faecal return. On more fertile acid brown earth the corresponding contributions were 81 and 90 kg N/ha (72 and 80 Ib/ac). Full replacement of clover by N fertilizer would require average annual applications of 268, 229, 156 and 128 kg fertilizer N/ha, respectively (239, 204, 139 and 114 Ib N/ac).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1974.tb01253.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Detailed soil and vegetation analysis at Pant-y-dwr Hill Centre illustrated the main physical, chemical and biological factors involved in low output from rough grazing on 5 soil series, ranging from acid brown earth to undifferentiated peat, which are representative of most of upland mid-Wales. While all the soils, derived from Silurian shale, had low pH and base saturation status and high lime, phosphate and potash requirements, the principal restraint on the productivity of resown grassland, particularly on the wet peaty gleys, was low available N status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00753.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A comprehensive study of the climatic, soil and vegetation restraints on grassland production in the hill areas of Britain is an essential preliminary stage in land use planning for those areas. Climatic data, recorded continuously at four centres in mid-Wales, emphasize the extent of altitudinal, topographic, seasonal and diurnal variation in zones with improvement potential. Annual solar energy income is negatively correlated with rainfall and cloud cover. Under wet conditions in the western hills, mean daily solar radiation during 1966–69 decreased by 15% between two centres at 30 and 305 m (103 and 1100 ft) 0.D. from 9.92 MJ/m2 to 7–07 MJ/m2= (204 to 169 cal/cm2). Radiation receipts in the drier eastern uplands at 305 m (1000 ft) were as high between May and August as in the western lowlands, but winter temperatures were considerably lower. Comparisons are made with conditions in other upland areas of Britain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00722.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WHITE CLOVER AND HILL LAND IMPROVEMENT (1966)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: As a preliminary step in the development of improved bred varieties an examination has been made of the factors which contribute to the success or failure of white clover (Trifolium repens) in hill land reseeding. Severe restrictions are placed on clover performance and N fixation in many hill areas in Britain by the poor climate, the low pH and exchangeable base status of the soils and the low frequency of effective indigenous Rhizobium strains.Agronomic solutions to some of these problems exist, but experience in mid-Wales suggests the need for new bred varieties with improved adaptation to the prevailing conditions, particular attention being directed to the limitation of N fixation by low soil temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1966.tb00477.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal production evaluation of herbage varieties. 1. Comparison of Aurora with Frances, Talbot and Melle perennial ryegrasses when grown alone and with clover (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 47 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Comparative herbage characteristics and sheep production (ewes and lambs until weaning and lambs thereafter) from swards of Aurora (very early flowering), Frances (early flowering), Talbot (intermediate flowering) and Melle (late flowering) varieties of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were studied under a continuous variable stocking management based on sward surface height guidelines. The varieties were assessed as grass-only (215 kg N ha−1 fertilizer) and grass/clover (83 kg N ha−1 fertilizer) pastures.Over 2 years (1985-86) total annual lamb production per hectare from grass-only swards of Aurora was 19% more than that from Frances despite similar herbage productivity. Differences between the varieties in lamb output were more pronounced as grass/clover swards, with Aurora producing 29 and 18% more lamb than Melle and Talbot respectively and with Frances also giving 16% more than Melle. Overall lamb production from grass/clover swards was 10% more than that from the grass-only pastures, mainly due to 69% advantage in individual lamb growth rates after weaning. Herbage organic matter digestibility, during the post-weaning period, was higher on grass/clover than on grass-only swards, and similarly with Aurora versus the other varieties. Under a frequent cut simulated grazing regime the relative herbage productivity of the four varieties differed, with Aurora 13% less productive than Frances.The results are discussed in relation to the limitations of assessing performance under cutting, and the significance of the interaction in animal productivity between the two sward types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02270.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Study of the growth of heavily fertilized swards of S23 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) at a hill and a lowland centre in mid-Wales during 1968–69 demonstrated that lower productivity in the uplands could only be partially attributed to a shorter growing season and poorer summer growth conditions. Comparison of yields with potential transpiration estimates indicated that winter damage had an important bearing on production during the following year. In 1969, the adverse combination of a mild autumn and a severe winter led to a spring tiller density which was less than 25% of normal at the hill centre. With an annual fertilizer input of over 500 kg N/ha (480 lb N/ac) total DM production in 1968 and 1969 was 10.6 and 4.4 t/ha at the upland site compared with 14.8 and 10.1 t/ha in the lowlands (9450, 3920, 13,190 and 9000 lb/ac).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00739.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANICAL TREATMENT FOR IMPROVING UPLAND GRAZING (1965)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 20 (1965), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The botanical changes in a wet (Molinia) and a drier (Nardtts) upland pasture that followed a single defoliation by a forage harvester are briefly described. Without fertilizer the bare and litter-covered areas were soon recolonized by the original dominants; with lime and fertilizer the recolonization was mainly by Agrostis spp., even when Agrostis was a minor element in the original sward. These changes were markedly accelerated by the forage-harvester treatment. The results of surface seeding after the forage-harvester treatment are compared with those obtained after rotary cultivation. Contrasting moisture regimes and competitive thresholds led to considerable differences in sward balance and in establishment of sown species, and seeding was successful only on the wetter site. Too rapid regeneration of undesirable remnants was prevalent, but this and other hazards are related to the uneven deposit of litter left by the forage harvester; thick, slowly-rotting accumulations inhibited the redevelopment of rapidly-growing species and germination on seeded areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1965.tb00395.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The implications of controlling grazed sward height for the operation and productivity of upland sheep systems in the UK: 6. The effect of reducing stocking rate and application of fertilizer nitrogen in Wales (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The implications for the agricultural productivity of the UK upland sheep systems of reducing nitrogen fertilizer application and lowering stocking rates on perennial ryegrass/white clover swards were studied over 4 years at a site in Wales. The system involved grazing ewes and lambs from birth to weaning on swards maintained at a constant height with surplus herbage made into silage, thereafter ewes and weaned lambs grazed on separate areas until the onset of winter with adjustments to the size of the areas grazed and utilizing surplus pasture areas for silage. Four stocking rates [SR 18, 15, 12 and 9 ewes ha−1 on the total area (grazed and ensiled)] and two levels of annual nitrogen fertilizer application (N 200 and 50 kg ha−1) were studied in five treatments (N200/SR18, N200/SR15, N50/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Average white clover content was negatively correlated with the level of annual nitrogen fertilizer application. White clover content of the swards was maintained over the duration of the experiment with an increasing proportion of clover in the swards receiving 50 kg N ha−1. Control of sward height and the contribution from white clover resulted in similar levels of lamb liveweight gain from birth to weaning in all treatments but fewer lambs reached the slaughter live weight by September at the higher stocking rates and with the lower level of fertilizer application. Three of the five treatments provided adequate winter fodder as silage (N200/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Because of the failure to make adequate winter fodder and the failure of white clover to fully compensate for reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application, it is concluded that nitrogen fertilizer can only be reduced on upland sheep pastures if accompanied by reduced stocking rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2003.00356.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 29 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Resown S23 perennial ryegrass pastures showed considerably greater response to the application of fertilizer N (0·1075 kg N/ha per year = 0–960 Ib N/ac) at 305 m O.D. than the native Festuca ovina/Agrostis tenuis and Molinia caerulea dominant communities on identical brown earth and peaty gley soils. Ryegrass DM production during 1967–70 increased with N application rates up to 538 kg N/ha per year (480 Ib N/ac) on the acid-brown earth, while on the extremely N-deficient gley soil yield responses were recorded up to 1075 kg N/ha (960 Ib N/ac). Percentage N recovery by ryegrass, bowever, although improved by grazing and re circulation, was less than under lowland conditions and the response to N during the growing season was also lower, exceeding 20 kg DM/kg N from applications in May, June and July only. The recovery of N by Festuca/Agrostis and Molinia in 1968–70 ranged from 3% and 2% at 938 kg N/ha to 14% and 9% at 117 kg N/ba per year, respectively. The respective maximum average DM yields recorded were 29 t/ha and 2.2 t/ha from the native communities and 70 t/ha and 62 t/ha from the corresponding resown pastures (2610, 1950, 6250 and 5520 Ib/ac). The results are discussed in relation to the strategy of land improvement in upland areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1974.tb01244.x
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