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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    White clover contribution to continuously stocked sheep pastures in association with contrasting perennial ryegrasses (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 48 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: White clover content and herbage production in grass/clover swards were studied at contrasting altitudes in Wales. The lowland experiment (1) compared the performance of three clover varieties grown with four diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) varieties with a range of heading dates. In the upland experiment (2) the productivity and persistence of Aberystwyth S184 (small-leaved) clover was studied in association with three perennial ryegrasses.In experiment I. clover content and dry matter production with Aurora (very early) ryegrass was superior to that with Frances (early), Talbot (intermediate) and Melle (late). Furthermore, the performance of Kent wild white clover (small-leaved) was better than that of medium-leaved Menna and Grasslands Huia. Averaged over two years (1985 and 1986) mean clover content of Kent was 22% compared with 9% and 10% of Menna and Huia.Performance of S184 clover during the five years (1986–90) of experiment 2 was better with Meltra (late tetraploid) than with Aberystwyth S23 (late diploid) and intermediate with Aurora. Clover stolon length and growing point number declined to a low level in 1988 but increased dramatically in 1989 and 1990 after cessation of applying fertilizer N.Results from both sites were related to animal performance data previously published. It is concluded that small-leaved clover varieties are needed to ensure a high proportion of clover in sheep pastures and also that choice of companion ryegrass can have a significant effect on the performance of the legume component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1993.tb01871.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of contrasting perennial ryegrasses, with and without white clover, under continuous sheep stocking in the uplands. 5. Herbage production, quality and intake in years 4–6 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 48 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Herbage characteristics were studied over years 4–6 (1988–90) in three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties as grass-only (200 kg N ha-1) and grass/clover (Trifolium repens L.) swards which received 75kg N ha-1 in 1988 and 0kg N ha-1 in 1989 and 1990 when continuously stocked with sheep. Mean total annual herbage production of Aurora, a very early flowering variety, was 11% more than that of late-flowering Aberystwyth S23 due to 21% higher growth as grass/clover pasture. The grass/clover sward of Meltra, a tetraploid late-flowering variety, out-yielded S23/clover by 17%. Herbage production of grass/clover was 86% of that of grass only in 1988 but only 54% of the grass-only swards averaged for 1989 and 1990. In vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) of Meltra was 38g kg-1 OM and 27g kg-1 OM higher than that of S23 and Aurora respectively. OMD of grass/clover was 15g kg-1 OM higher than that of grass only during the post-weaning period. Herbage intake was positively correlated with OMD of herbage.The herbage attributes were related to lamb performance reported previously. Lamb output was positively correlated with intake of digestible organic matter.Differences between the three varieties in herbage characteristics were greater as grass/clover than as grass-only swards, reflecting their compatibility with white clover. In this respect Meltra was the best and S23 the poorest variety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1993.tb01854.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of contrasting perennial ryegrasses, with and without white clover, under continuous sheep stocking in the uplands (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 44 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Potential lamb production from grass-clover (75–80 kg N ha−1) swards was compared with that from grass-only (160–200 kg N ha−1) swards from 1985 to 1987 at the Bronydd Mawr Research Centre in mid-Wales. Separate pastures of three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties; Aurora (very early-flowering diploid), Meltra (late-flowering tetraploid) and Aberystwyth S23 (late-flowering diploid), with and without Aberystwyth S184 small-leaved white clover (Trifolium repens L.), were continuously stocked with Beulah Speckled Face ewes and their Suffolk cross lambs from spring (late April) until weaning in mid-July. From late July the pastures were grazed with weaned lambs until early November.Individual lamb liveweight gain was 8% more (P 〈 0·001) pre-weaning on grass-clover than on grass-only swards and 30% more (p 〈 0·001) post-weaning. Averaged over three years, mean stocking rate was 17% higher (p 〈 0·001) pre-weaning and 29% higher (p 〈 0·001) post-weaning on the grass-only pastures. Even so, total lamb output (kg ha−1) was similar from the two sward types, although during the pre-weaning period lamb production was 9% higher (P 〈 0·05) from grass-only swards.The results show the potential of grass-clover (low N) swards to improve the efficiency of lamb production from grassland since better individual lamb growth rate compensated for the lower stock-carrying capacity. That is, similar output was achieved with lower cost of fertilizer N input and with the lower costs associated with carrying fewer animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1989.tb01944.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential pasture production in the uplands of Wales (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 39 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Only a very limited number of species, including red fescue (Festuca rubra), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), timothy (Phleum protense) and white clover (Trifolium repens) are considered as suitable for wet hill land. Detailed comparison of red fescue, perennial ryegrass and timothy on contrasting acid brown earth and stagnogley soils from 1966 to 1969 at Pant-y-dŵr Hill Centre (305 m OD) highlighted the advantages of red fescue in annual DM production and its more even distribution over a longer growing season but also indicated drawbacks of slow initial establishment and lower feed quality. In vitro DOMD of red fescue averaged 645 g kg−1 over the year compared with 690 g kg−1 for perennial ryegrass and timothy. Assessment of a narrow range of species under surface seeding conditions on a stagnogley soil from 1971 to 1975 confirmed the value of red fescue in DM production and persistence. The results are discussed in relation to the characteristics required in herbage species for hill land improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1984.tb01687.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 29 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The DM and N contribution of S184 white clover in mixed ryegrass/clover swards was recorded at Pant-y-dwr Hill Centre (305 m) for 4 years, 1967–70. By direct comparison with fertilized grass swards it was estimated that the clover N contribution on peaty gley soil averaged 100 kg N/ha per year (89 Ib N/ac) under cutting and 98 kg N/ha (87 ib/ac) under grazing with faecal return. On more fertile acid brown earth the corresponding contributions were 81 and 90 kg N/ha (72 and 80 Ib/ac). Full replacement of clover by N fertilizer would require average annual applications of 268, 229, 156 and 128 kg fertilizer N/ha, respectively (239, 204, 139 and 114 Ib N/ac).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1974.tb01253.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Detailed soil and vegetation analysis at Pant-y-dwr Hill Centre illustrated the main physical, chemical and biological factors involved in low output from rough grazing on 5 soil series, ranging from acid brown earth to undifferentiated peat, which are representative of most of upland mid-Wales. While all the soils, derived from Silurian shale, had low pH and base saturation status and high lime, phosphate and potash requirements, the principal restraint on the productivity of resown grassland, particularly on the wet peaty gleys, was low available N status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00753.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal production evaluation of herbage varieties. 1. Comparison of Aurora with Frances, Talbot and Melle perennial ryegrasses when grown alone and with clover (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 47 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Comparative herbage characteristics and sheep production (ewes and lambs until weaning and lambs thereafter) from swards of Aurora (very early flowering), Frances (early flowering), Talbot (intermediate flowering) and Melle (late flowering) varieties of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were studied under a continuous variable stocking management based on sward surface height guidelines. The varieties were assessed as grass-only (215 kg N ha−1 fertilizer) and grass/clover (83 kg N ha−1 fertilizer) pastures.Over 2 years (1985-86) total annual lamb production per hectare from grass-only swards of Aurora was 19% more than that from Frances despite similar herbage productivity. Differences between the varieties in lamb output were more pronounced as grass/clover swards, with Aurora producing 29 and 18% more lamb than Melle and Talbot respectively and with Frances also giving 16% more than Melle. Overall lamb production from grass/clover swards was 10% more than that from the grass-only pastures, mainly due to 69% advantage in individual lamb growth rates after weaning. Herbage organic matter digestibility, during the post-weaning period, was higher on grass/clover than on grass-only swards, and similarly with Aurora versus the other varieties. Under a frequent cut simulated grazing regime the relative herbage productivity of the four varieties differed, with Aurora 13% less productive than Frances.The results are discussed in relation to the limitations of assessing performance under cutting, and the significance of the interaction in animal productivity between the two sward types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02270.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the relative performance of perennial ryegrass varieties under upland and lowland conditions (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 40 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Productivity, seasonal growth and persistence of 10 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties were assessed al an upland (305 m) and lowland (30 m) site in mid-Wales. Averaged over 3 harvest years (1979–81), mean dry matter (DM) production at 8.8 t ha−1 was 22% lower in the upland environment, with spring (April and May) growth showing greatest contrast varying from only 6% of that in the lowland in 1979, after a severe winter, to 113% in 1981.Relative ranking of varieties differed considerably between the two environments and no correlation was found between DM production at the two sites (r= 0.5945). Early heading varieties performed better in the spring than late types at the upland site. A comparison of the results with those published from official variety testing trials gave a positive relationship under lowland conditions (r= 0.7162*) but no correlation with those from the upland centre (r= 0.1969).The findings of the study show that relative productivity of varieties, but not persistency, differs between upland and lowland environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1985.tb01759.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 28 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Study of the growth of heavily fertilized swards of S23 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) at a hill and a lowland centre in mid-Wales during 1968–69 demonstrated that lower productivity in the uplands could only be partially attributed to a shorter growing season and poorer summer growth conditions. Comparison of yields with potential transpiration estimates indicated that winter damage had an important bearing on production during the following year. In 1969, the adverse combination of a mild autumn and a severe winter led to a spring tiller density which was less than 25% of normal at the hill centre. With an annual fertilizer input of over 500 kg N/ha (480 lb N/ac) total DM production in 1968 and 1969 was 10.6 and 4.4 t/ha at the upland site compared with 14.8 and 10.1 t/ha in the lowlands (9450, 3920, 13,190 and 9000 lb/ac).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1973.tb00739.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The implications of controlling grazed sward height for the operation and productivity of upland sheep systems in the UK: 6. The effect of reducing stocking rate and application of fertilizer nitrogen in Wales (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The implications for the agricultural productivity of the UK upland sheep systems of reducing nitrogen fertilizer application and lowering stocking rates on perennial ryegrass/white clover swards were studied over 4 years at a site in Wales. The system involved grazing ewes and lambs from birth to weaning on swards maintained at a constant height with surplus herbage made into silage, thereafter ewes and weaned lambs grazed on separate areas until the onset of winter with adjustments to the size of the areas grazed and utilizing surplus pasture areas for silage. Four stocking rates [SR 18, 15, 12 and 9 ewes ha−1 on the total area (grazed and ensiled)] and two levels of annual nitrogen fertilizer application (N 200 and 50 kg ha−1) were studied in five treatments (N200/SR18, N200/SR15, N50/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Average white clover content was negatively correlated with the level of annual nitrogen fertilizer application. White clover content of the swards was maintained over the duration of the experiment with an increasing proportion of clover in the swards receiving 50 kg N ha−1. Control of sward height and the contribution from white clover resulted in similar levels of lamb liveweight gain from birth to weaning in all treatments but fewer lambs reached the slaughter live weight by September at the higher stocking rates and with the lower level of fertilizer application. Three of the five treatments provided adequate winter fodder as silage (N200/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Because of the failure to make adequate winter fodder and the failure of white clover to fully compensate for reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application, it is concluded that nitrogen fertilizer can only be reduced on upland sheep pastures if accompanied by reduced stocking rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2003.00356.x
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