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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of contrasting perennial ryegrasses, with and without white clover, under continuous sheep stocking in the uplands. 5. Herbage production, quality and intake in years 4–6 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 48 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Herbage characteristics were studied over years 4–6 (1988–90) in three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties as grass-only (200 kg N ha-1) and grass/clover (Trifolium repens L.) swards which received 75kg N ha-1 in 1988 and 0kg N ha-1 in 1989 and 1990 when continuously stocked with sheep. Mean total annual herbage production of Aurora, a very early flowering variety, was 11% more than that of late-flowering Aberystwyth S23 due to 21% higher growth as grass/clover pasture. The grass/clover sward of Meltra, a tetraploid late-flowering variety, out-yielded S23/clover by 17%. Herbage production of grass/clover was 86% of that of grass only in 1988 but only 54% of the grass-only swards averaged for 1989 and 1990. In vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) of Meltra was 38g kg-1 OM and 27g kg-1 OM higher than that of S23 and Aurora respectively. OMD of grass/clover was 15g kg-1 OM higher than that of grass only during the post-weaning period. Herbage intake was positively correlated with OMD of herbage.The herbage attributes were related to lamb performance reported previously. Lamb output was positively correlated with intake of digestible organic matter.Differences between the three varieties in herbage characteristics were greater as grass/clover than as grass-only swards, reflecting their compatibility with white clover. In this respect Meltra was the best and S23 the poorest variety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1993.tb01854.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of repeated-measurements analysis to describe the overwintering of white clover cultivars (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 51 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment was set up to investigate the morphological and physiological changes occurring in two white clover (Trifolium repens) (clover) varieties, AberHerald and Huia, growing in binary mixture with two perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) (grass) varieties, Preference and Ba 10761. Measurements were made on four occasions during winter/spring 1993–94. The statistical procedure of antedependence analysis was used to check for the existence of serial correlations among data from the different sampling dates. Evidence of antedependence was found in only three of the seventeen variables measured, and an order of antedependence for each of these was estimated. The antedependence structure providing the best fit to the data was then used in an analysis of covariance on the data set for that variable. The rest of the seventeen variables could be safely analysed by a split-plot analysis of variance for each sampling date separately. This result validated the sampling protocol used in the experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1996.tb02045.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of contrasting perennial ryegrasses, with and without white clover, under continuous sheep stocking in the uplands (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 44 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Comparative sheep production from Aurora (very early-flowering), Meltra (late-flowering tetraploid) and Aberystwyth S23 (late-flowering) perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties was assessed as both grass-only (200 kg N ha−1) and grass-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (75 kg N ha−1) swards under continuous stocking management. Beulah Speckled Face ewes and their Suffolk cross lambs were used from late April to mid-July. From late July to early November only lambs grazed the pastures.Mean (1985–87) total annual lamb production per hectare from Aurora and Meltra was 16% and 13% more than that from S23. The magnitude of the differences between these varieties and S23 declined from the first to the third year. Aurora gave 29% more lamb output per hectare than S23 in 1985 but only 10% more in 1987, while the advantage of Meltra over S23 fell from 19% in 1985 to 6% in 1987. Seasonal lamb production per hectare varied between the grasses, especially during spring when lamb output from Aurora was 43% and 22% more than that from S23 and Meltra respectively, with that from the tetraploid being 17% higher than that from S23.It is concluded that the superior spring output from Aurora offers the farmer the opportunity to reduce his dependence on bought-in feedstuffs, hence improving the efficiency and profitability of lamb production from grassland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1989.tb01943.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    White clover contribution to continuously stocked sheep pastures in association with contrasting perennial ryegrasses (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 48 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: White clover content and herbage production in grass/clover swards were studied at contrasting altitudes in Wales. The lowland experiment (1) compared the performance of three clover varieties grown with four diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) varieties with a range of heading dates. In the upland experiment (2) the productivity and persistence of Aberystwyth S184 (small-leaved) clover was studied in association with three perennial ryegrasses.In experiment I. clover content and dry matter production with Aurora (very early) ryegrass was superior to that with Frances (early), Talbot (intermediate) and Melle (late). Furthermore, the performance of Kent wild white clover (small-leaved) was better than that of medium-leaved Menna and Grasslands Huia. Averaged over two years (1985 and 1986) mean clover content of Kent was 22% compared with 9% and 10% of Menna and Huia.Performance of S184 clover during the five years (1986–90) of experiment 2 was better with Meltra (late tetraploid) than with Aberystwyth S23 (late diploid) and intermediate with Aurora. Clover stolon length and growing point number declined to a low level in 1988 but increased dramatically in 1989 and 1990 after cessation of applying fertilizer N.Results from both sites were related to animal performance data previously published. It is concluded that small-leaved clover varieties are needed to ensure a high proportion of clover in sheep pastures and also that choice of companion ryegrass can have a significant effect on the performance of the legume component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1993.tb01871.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal production evaluation of herbage varieties. (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 50 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Perennial ryegrass/white clover (Lolium perennel Trifolium repens) pastures of three white clover varieties were compared at UK lowland (Plas Gogerddan, PG) and upland (Bronydd Mawr, BM) sites over three harvest years (1989–91) under continuous variable stocking (ewes and lambs until weaning and lambs thereafter). Mean annual lamb output from small-leaved S 184 (1179 kg ha−1) was 29% greater than that from prostrate small-leaved AberEndura at PG with medium-leaved Huia also giving 19% more output than AberEndura. At BM, output from S 184 (863 kg ha−1) was 19 and 14% greater than that from AberEndura and Huia respectively. The differences in lamb output between the small-leaved varieties owed to a combined effect of higher individual lamb growth rates and greater stock-carrying capacity, both of which were more pronounced in the post-weaning period. The higher output from S 184 relative to Huia at BM was attributed to higher stocking rate, particularly after weaning. Clover productivity and persistence were also studied under three cutting-only managements at PG. Performance under a treatment cut at 2–3 cm every 10 d (T1), which is synonymous with assessment of persistence in UK National List testing, was poor with clover growing point number of only 498 m−2 compared with 4906 m−2 on the grazed sward in autumn 1991. Although productivity and clover content under T3 (cut at 3–4 cm every 42 d — similar to National List yield regime) gave the same varietal ranking as lamb production, there was an under-estimation of the small-leaved varieties, particularly AberEndura, relative to Huia. An intermediate treatment (T2), cut at 3–4 cm every 21 d, also over-estimated the performance of the medium-leaved variety. Herbage data from ground level sampling every 21 d using exclosure cages on the grazed swards were also poorly related to lamb performance. These results highlight the effect of clover variety on lamb production, which appeared to be independent of leaf size, and also confirm the existing problems associated with assessment of white clover varieties using a cutting regime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1995.tb02318.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The implications of controlling grazed sward height for the operation and productivity of upland sheep systems in the UK: 6. The effect of reducing stocking rate and application of fertilizer nitrogen in Wales (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The implications for the agricultural productivity of the UK upland sheep systems of reducing nitrogen fertilizer application and lowering stocking rates on perennial ryegrass/white clover swards were studied over 4 years at a site in Wales. The system involved grazing ewes and lambs from birth to weaning on swards maintained at a constant height with surplus herbage made into silage, thereafter ewes and weaned lambs grazed on separate areas until the onset of winter with adjustments to the size of the areas grazed and utilizing surplus pasture areas for silage. Four stocking rates [SR 18, 15, 12 and 9 ewes ha−1 on the total area (grazed and ensiled)] and two levels of annual nitrogen fertilizer application (N 200 and 50 kg ha−1) were studied in five treatments (N200/SR18, N200/SR15, N50/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Average white clover content was negatively correlated with the level of annual nitrogen fertilizer application. White clover content of the swards was maintained over the duration of the experiment with an increasing proportion of clover in the swards receiving 50 kg N ha−1. Control of sward height and the contribution from white clover resulted in similar levels of lamb liveweight gain from birth to weaning in all treatments but fewer lambs reached the slaughter live weight by September at the higher stocking rates and with the lower level of fertilizer application. Three of the five treatments provided adequate winter fodder as silage (N200/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Because of the failure to make adequate winter fodder and the failure of white clover to fully compensate for reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application, it is concluded that nitrogen fertilizer can only be reduced on upland sheep pastures if accompanied by reduced stocking rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2003.00356.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of contrasting perennial ryegrasses, with and without white clover, under continuous sheep stocking in the uplands. 3. Herbage production, quality and intake (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 46 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Herbage characteristics were monitored over 3 years (1985–1987) in three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties as grass/only (200 kg N ha−1) and grass/clover (Trifolium repens L.) (75 kg N ha−1) swards when continuously stocked with sheep. Although mean total annual herbage production was similar from the grass varieties, growth of Aurora, a very early-flowering variety, was higher than that of Aberystwyth S23 and Meltra (tetraploid) late-flowering types in spring. Herbage production from grass-only swards was 15% higher than from grass/clover swards. In vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) of Aurora and Meltra was 34 g kg −1 and 26 g kg −1 higher (P 〈 0·01) than that of S23. Averaged over varieties, the OMD of grass/clover was 25 g kg −1 higher (P 〈 0·05) than grass-only during the post-weaning period. Individual lamb digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) was 22% higher (P 〈 0·05) on grass/clover than on grass-only during this period. Water-soluble carbohydrates content of Aurora was 42% higher (P 〈 0·001) than that of both Meltra and S23.Herbage characteristics were related to lamb performance reported previously. Lamb production was positively correlated with DOMI. However, the magnitude of differences in lamb performance between treatments was much greater than the extent of differences detected in herbage characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1991.tb02206.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of contrasting perennial ryegrasses, with and without white clover, under continuous sheep stocking in the uplands (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 44 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Potential lamb production from grass-clover (75–80 kg N ha−1) swards was compared with that from grass-only (160–200 kg N ha−1) swards from 1985 to 1987 at the Bronydd Mawr Research Centre in mid-Wales. Separate pastures of three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties; Aurora (very early-flowering diploid), Meltra (late-flowering tetraploid) and Aberystwyth S23 (late-flowering diploid), with and without Aberystwyth S184 small-leaved white clover (Trifolium repens L.), were continuously stocked with Beulah Speckled Face ewes and their Suffolk cross lambs from spring (late April) until weaning in mid-July. From late July the pastures were grazed with weaned lambs until early November.Individual lamb liveweight gain was 8% more (P 〈 0·001) pre-weaning on grass-clover than on grass-only swards and 30% more (p 〈 0·001) post-weaning. Averaged over three years, mean stocking rate was 17% higher (p 〈 0·001) pre-weaning and 29% higher (p 〈 0·001) post-weaning on the grass-only pastures. Even so, total lamb output (kg ha−1) was similar from the two sward types, although during the pre-weaning period lamb production was 9% higher (P 〈 0·05) from grass-only swards.The results show the potential of grass-clover (low N) swards to improve the efficiency of lamb production from grassland since better individual lamb growth rate compensated for the lower stock-carrying capacity. That is, similar output was achieved with lower cost of fertilizer N input and with the lower costs associated with carrying fewer animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1989.tb01944.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of contrasting perennial ryegrasses, with and without clover, under continuous sheep stocking in the uplands. 4. Animal performance in years 4–6 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 47 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Relative sheep production from Aurora (very early flowering), Mellra (late-flowering tetraploid) and Aberystwyth S23 (late flowering) perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties was compared during harvest years 4-6 (1988-90) as grass only (200 kg N ha−1) and grass/clover (75 kg N ha −1 in 1988, 0 kg N ha−1 in 1989 and 1990) at Bronydd Mawr Research Centre (310-363 m) in mid-Wales. The pastures were continuously stocked with Beulah Speckled Face ewes and their Suffolk cross lambs from spring to mid-July. From late July to early November only the weaned lambs grazed the swards.Mean (1988-90) total annual lamb production per hectare from Aurora and Meltra was 70% and 16% more than that from S23. However, the difference between both varieties and S23 was much greater as grass/clover (Aberystwyth S184 small-leaved type) than as grass-only swards. Differences between the grasses in individual lamb growth rates were most pronounced during the post-weaning period, when that on Meltra was 38% and 23% more than on Aurora and S23 respectively.Mean annual lamb output from grass/clover swards was only 70% of that from grass-only swards during the 2 years when the former swards received no fertilizer N. Averaged over the 3 years (1988-90) individual lamb liveweight gain post weaning was 38% higher on grass/clover than on grass-only swards.The results are discussed in relation to those for the first 3 harvest years (1985-87). It is concluded that, although Aurora was less persistent than both late-flowering varieties, its superiority in providing an average of 29% more lamb output than S23 during the critical spring period (up to early June) would be of considerable practical significance in upland sheep systems, as would be the overall superiority of the tetraploid Meltra over S23.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02269.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions between seedlings of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars in establishing swards (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 51 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Interactions between perennial ryegrass (grass) and white clover (clover) cultivars were investigated at the seedling stage in two experiments: (a) a field experiment in which two clovers, AberHerald and Grasslands Huia, were grown in binary mixture with two grasses, Preference and Ba 10761; (b) a glasshouse experiment in which the same clover/grass combinations were grown in low-N soil either with (+ N) or without (-N) added N. In the field experiment both clovers produced larger and more complex seedlings with Preference, and this was particularly evident in Huia. In the glasshouse experiment grass dry-matter yield was greater in the +N treatment, and this effect increased with time. Clover seedling density and development were suppressed in the +N treatment, and the development of AberHerald was affected more than Huia. Morphological measurements of the clovers showed interactions between clover, grass and N level. In the -N treatment Huia plants were larger and more complex than those of AberHerald, but in +N conditions there was little difference between them. Grass cultivar had an effect on clover via N-level interactions: in +N plants there was no grass effect, but -N plants were significantly larger with Preference. Comparison of the root and shoot morphology of the two grasses revealed no obvious differences that would account for these effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1996.tb02050.x
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