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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of fusimotor innervation by γ-efferents in cat peroneus tertius (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 51 (1983), S. 146-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle spindles ; γ-Efferents ; Fusmotor innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of γ-efferent innervation of the muscle spindle was investigated in the peroneus tertius muscle of the cat. A number of spindle group Ia afferents were isolated and monitored during tetanic stimulation of isolated γ-axons. The sample was dominated by efferents producing a static fusimotor effect on the afferent. An individual static axon normally projected to less than five but at times as many as seven muscle spindles. Each spindle normally received innervation from three to five static γ-efferents but occasionally up to eight. The number of spindles innervated by a static γ-axon was directly related to the efferent axonal conduction velocity. For each experiment, a probability distribution of the number of fusimotor effects was constructed from all available connections between the muscle spindles and static γ-efferents considered in matrices of four afferents and four efferents. This distribution was then compared to a random binomial distribution. In each of the ten experiments, statistically significant differences (p〈0.01) were noted between the experimental and random distributions. In order to interpret such deviations from the random distributions, similar analyses were performed on various combinations of afferents and efferents in simulated sets displaying grouping of effects. It was concluded that the observed differences between experimental and random distributions may be produced by a grouping of fusimotor innervation limited to a small set of spindles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236812
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histochemical evidence for the existence of skeletofusimotor (β) innervation in the primate (1982)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 46 (1982), S. 186-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle spindles ; Skeletofusimotor efferents ; \ Innervation ; Glycogen depletion ; Primate motor control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A total of ten a motor axons which innervated the peroneus brevis muscle were isolated in two cynomolgus monkeys. In each experiment, the isolated α axons were stimulated collectively to deplete glycogen from their muscle units. The muscle was then frozen quickly, cut serially, and stained for glycogen. Of the 52 muscle spindles that were examined, zones of glycogen depletion were found in the intrafusal fibres of 32 spindles. The glycogen-depleted motor units included both fast-twitch and slow-twitch types. Depleted zones were observed in all three types of intrafusal muscle fibres. It was concluded that skeletofusimotor (β) efferents were among the stimulated motor axons. This finding constitutes the first anatomical evidence for the existence of β innervation in the primate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237175
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflex effects from high threshold neck muscle afferents on hind limb extensor gamma motoneurones in the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 212-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Gamma motoneurones ; Neck muscle afferents ; Long spinal reflexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The supra-segmental control of hind limb gamma motoneurones from neck muscle receptors has been studied in decerebrated and in spinal cats. Stretch of individual dorsal neck muscles was not an adequate stimulus for evoking long spinal reflexes to gamma motoneurones of gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) muscles unless the stretch was maximal or excessive. Pressure applied to the neck muscles, or intramuscular injections of KCl solution (0.1 ml, 5%), did affect the discharge of GS gamma motoneurones. Excitation was more evident than inhibition. We conclude that the long spinal reflex effects originate from high threshold mechanoreceptors, or nociceptors, rather than muscle spindles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236220
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of physiological types of motor units in the cat peroneus tertius muscle (1982)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 48 (1982), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motor unit types ; Twitch and tetanic tensions ; Potentiation ; Peroneus tertius muscle ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motor units of the cat peroneus tertius muscle were systematically analyzed using the criteria established by Burke et al. (1973). On the basis of their speed of contraction and resistance to fatigue, 121 (97%) of 125 motor units examined in ten adult cats could be classified as belonging to one of four types: fast-fatiguable (FF), fast-resistant (FR), fast-intermediate (FI), and slow-resistant (S). Peroneus tertius was found to contain 30% FF motor units, 9% FI units, 39% FR units, and 22% S units. Contraction times of fast motor units (FF, FR, and FI) ranged from 15 to 27 ms and those of S units from 26 to 42 ms. The mean tetanic tensions were 37 g for FF units, 29 g for FI units, 7.5 g for FR units, and 1.1 g for S units. Fast motor units displayed considerable post-tetanic potentiation of twitch tension. Under similar conditions of stimulation, FF units appeared able to potentiate more and faster than FR units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237213
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological identification of static β axons in primate muscle (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 52 (1983), S. 6-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle spindles ; Skeletofusimotor innervation ; β axons ; Primate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skeletofusimotor (β) axons exerting a static action on spindle primary endings were identified in the peroneus brevis and tertius muscles of the cynomolgus monkey. In most of the identified static β motor units, the extrafusal portion was of the fast-contracting fatiguable type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237142
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cycloadditions. 41. Conversion of unsaturated alcohols into functionalized tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans via nitrile oxide dipolar cycloadditions (1989)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 54 (1989), S. 5277-5286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00283a021
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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