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  • 1
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] REEs have been used to help interpret the genesis of igneous rocks2, metamorphic rocks3 and sedimentary rocks4, as well as the history of the Earth5. Their chemistry is predominantly ionic, their properties being controlled by their size. Atomic and ionic radii decrease systematically from ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 334 (1988), S. 336-338 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has been applied to many geological problems11'16, but depth profiling of minerals using SIMS is limited17'19. It is used here to document the near-surface composition of naturally weathered plagioclase. Samples were obtained from a 10,000-year-old thin till ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 27 (2000), S. 357-366 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words Ni-conductors ; Ni-insulators ; XPS binding energies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ni2p3/2 X-ray photoelectron spectral peak binding energies of Ni metal, NiS, and NiAs (all conductors) span a range of about 0.5 eV and are, consequently, insensitive to formal Ni oxidation state and to the nature of the ligand to which Ni is bonded, relative to other metals (e.g., Fe). Ni2p3/2 peak structures and binding energies reflect two energetic contributions. The major contribution is that associated with the electrostatic field produced by ejection of the Ni(2p) photoelectron, the minor contribution is the relaxation energy associated with filling unoccupied, conduction band 3d9 and 4s Ni metal orbitals. These conduction band orbitals become localized on the Ni photoion (and sometimes filled) in response to the field created by the photoemission event. Because only the core Ni2p electron and nonbonding orbitals of predominantly metallic character are affected, the main peak of all three conductors are affected similarly, leading to similar Ni2p3/2 main peak binding energies. NiO, Ni(OH)2, and NiSO4 are insulators in which Ni is divalent and is bonded to oxygen. Although Ni is bonded to oxide in these phases, Ni2p binding energies differ substantially, and reflect primarily the nature of the ligand (O2−, OH−, SO4 2−) to which Ni is bonded. The influence of the ligand is the result of charge (electron) transfer from valence band bonding orbitals of dominantly ligand character, to unoccupied conduction band orbitals localized on Ni photoions. Relaxation energy resulting from charge transfer is acquired by the emitted photoelectron, thus Ni2p3/2 photopeak binding energies of these insulators reflect the nature of the ligand to which Ni is bonded. The Ni2p main peak binding energy of these conductors and insulators is a poor guide to Ni oxidation states. The Ni2p3/2 binding energies of insulators reflect, however, the nature of the ligand in the first coordination sphere of Ni. The intensity of the Doniach–Sunjic contribution to Ni2p XPS spectra of NiS and NiAs is dependent on the nature of the ligand. The Doniach–Sunjic contribution to ligand XPS core-level photopeaks (e.g., S2p of NiS and As3d of NiAs) has not been explained and is poorly understood.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 299 (1982), S. 715-717 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Earlier studies of the palaeoclimatology of Huronian rocks have largely revolved around the Gowganda Formation which has been interpreted both as glacial or glaciomarine and/or as fault-related submarine debris flows2"4. Diamictites of the Bruce and Ramsay Lake Formations (Fig. 2) have also been ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 78 (1981), S. 136-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The ‘Thompson projection’ traditionally used by metamorphic petrologists is modified and used to study mineral equilibrium and mass balance relations of igneous rocks. Proportions of minerals in rocks and equilibrium minerals assemblages are predictable from bulk rock compositional data, consequently the projection simplifies chemical studies of plutonic and volcanic rock suites, and mixed plutonic-volcanic suites particularly, because bulk rock compositions can be directly compared with mineral compositions. As an example, changes to bulk magma compositions resulting from differentiation by crystal fractionation (Thingmuli Volcano; Red Hill Dyke) are immediately discernible and tholeiitic calc-alkaline and alkaline differentiation trends are quite distinct on the diagram. As well, minerals which have been removed from a magma during crystal fractionation generally can be identified and their compositions estimated. Magmas the compositions of which result from the mixing of two components (Kilauea Volcano) are easily identified as are the ‘end-member’ mixing components of the mixed magmas. The diagram is applicable to both igneous and metamorphic rock suites, consequently it should be of particular use to those studying anataxis and granite genesis.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 75 (1980), S. 21-26 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Materials balance calculations are presented to document the progressive bulk chemical changes in metagreywacke and metapelite with separation of increments of granite of minimum melt composition. During partial melting, enrichment of Fe relative to Mg in granite and strong absorption of water leave residual rocks with increasing proportions of such Mg-rich phases as cordierite and progressively dehydrated. Extraction of most granitic compositions from metapelites results in increasing the Al value of residua, while extraction of an alkali granite melt from metagreywacke is necessary to change the Al values in their residua (from peraluminous to sub- or metaluminous). Under essentially constant temperature conditions, complex isograds may develop locally reflecting the bulk chemical changes produced by melt removal. Natural amphibolite/granulite facies rocks from three locations in Canada are compared with the calulated trends.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 62 (1998), S. 123-144 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei morphologisch definierte Generationen von Eisen-Oxyhydroxyden wurden auf den Oberflächen von Pyrit nachgewiesen, der mit Wässern der ungesättigten Zone einer Abraumhalde der CON Mine (Nordwest-Territorium, Kanada) reagiert hat. Die paragenetische Abfolge umfaßt einen frühen fleckigen und einen späten massiven Überzug der durch eine Generation von Fe(III)-Oxyhydroxyden von kristallinem Habitus getrennt werden. Gips und Steinsalz Ausfällung waren die letzten paragenetischen Stadien und weisen auf intensive Befeuchtung und Trocknung in der ungesättigen Zone der Abraumhalden vor der Probennahme hin. Fe2p Röntgenfotoelektronspektren (XPS) von angelaufenen Pyritoberflächen weisen auf zumindest zwei unterscheidbare sekundäre Fe(III)-Oxyhydroxydphasen hin; in Kombination mit O is Spektren zeigen sie auch, daß Ferrihydrit, Goethit, Hämatit oder Maghemit vorliegen. Geringere Mengen von As(IV) und As(111) liegen in diesen Überzügen vor. Frische Arsenkiesoberflächen, die mit Luft für 14 Tage, 16 Monate und 25 Jahre reagiert haben, entwickeln außerordentlich dünne sekundäre Oxydationsfilme, die nicht mehr als 50 A dick sind. XPS, Fe 2p, O l s und As 3d Spektren zeigen, daß diese aus Fe(III)-Hydroxyden, Arsenat (AsO[OH]3 oder FeAsO4), und reduzierten Arsenphasen, die Arsenit (As[OH[]3 oder FeAsO3) umfassen, bestehen. Die weite Verbreitung von reduzierten Arsenphasen wird durch die Diffusion von reduziertem As (e.g. As°) aus dem nichtoxidierten Teil des Minerals in den Oberflächenbereichen erklärt, dort reagiert es mit Oxidanzien. Kontinuierliche Zufuhr von reduziertem As aus dem Haldenmaterial und progressive Oxidation des Arsens nahe der Oberläche führt zur Bildung einer effektiv passivierenden Schicht. Während diese oxidierten Schichten die Oberfläche gegen Luftoxidation passivieren, verursachen wäßrige Lösungen umfangreiches Leaching von Arsenkiesoberflächen unter den oxidierten Schichten. Offensichtlich bieten diese Schichten geringen Schutz gegen Leaching durch oxidierende wäßrige Lösungen, wahrscheinlich weil die oxidierte Überschicht durch Auflösung von sauren sowie Ferritischen Arsenit- und Arsenatsalzen beschädigt ist.
    Notes: Summary Three morphologically distinct generations of Fe-oxyhydroxides were identified on pyrite surfaces reacted with unsaturated zone waters of a waste rock pile from the CON Mine (Northwest Territories, Canada). The paragenetic sequence includes an early mottled coating and a late massive (featureless) coating, separated by a generation of Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide of crystalline habit. Gypsum and halite precipitation were the last paragenetic events, and indicate intense wetting and drying in the unsaturated zone of the waste rock pile prior to collection. Fe 2p X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of tarnished pyrite surfaces indicate at least two distinct secondary Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide phases, and combined with O 1s spectra, indicate ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite or maghemite. Minor As(IV) and As(III) are incorporated into these coatings. Fresh arsenopyrite surfaces reacted with air for 14 days, 16 months and 25 years develop exceptionally thin oxidized secondary coatings no more than about 50 A thick. XPS Fe 2p, O 1s and As 3d spectra indicate that the overlayer is composed of Fe(III)-hydroxides, arsenate (AsO[OH]3 or FeAsO4), and reduced arsenic species, including arsenite (As[OH]3 or FeAsO3). The abundance of reduced arsenic species is explained by diffusion of reduced As (e.g. As) from the unoxidized interior of the mineral to the near-surface where it reacts with oxidants. Continuous supply of reduced As from the bulk, and progressive oxidation of arsenic in the near-surface, result in an effective passivating layer. Whereas these oxidized coatings passivate the surface against airoxidation, aqueous solutions cause extensive leaching of arsenopyrite surfaces beneath the oxidized coatings. Apparently, the coatings offer little protection against leaching by oxidizing aqueous solutions, perhaps because the oxidized overlayer is compromised by dissolution of acidic and ferric arsenite and arsenate salts.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 16 (1990), S. 581-582 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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