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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 18 (1970), S. 43-44 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 30 (1958), S. 1490-1496 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um angemessene Standardbedingungen für metabolische Studien an Insekten zu etablieren, wurden vier betäubende Drogen (Diäthyläther, Chloroform, Halothane und Enflurane) bei Arbeiterinnen der AmeiseFormica rufa L.angewendet. Die Rate der Freigabe von CO2 bei den Tieren wurde durch den Wechsel des elektrischen Leitvermögens einer 5 mM Lösung von Sr(OH)2 bestimmt. Die angewandte Methode erlaubt Messungen von freigegebenen CO2-Mengen bis hinab zu 1,12 μl/Std. (0,05 μM/Std.) Unter den vier angewandten Betäubungsmethoden schien Enflurane am besten geeignet zu sein, da es nicht in den Stoffwechsel aufgenommen wird und keine Muskelirritationen oder eine Freigabe von Ameisensäure hervorruft. Alle Versuche wurden bei Temperaturintervallen zwischen 15–30°C durchgeführt. Bei 25° C beträgt die mittlere CO2-Produktion für jedes mit Enflurane betäubte Individuum 6,5 μl/Std., welches 1,6 μl/mg/Std. (Trockengewicht) entspricht. Die Q10-Werte für die Produktion von CO2 bei den Intervallen von 15–25°C und 20–30°C zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede, und der mittlere Werf für Q10±SD für die betäubten Arbeiterinnen war 2,56±0,39. Die Methode ist besonders geeignet für Experimente an Insekten, wenn Standardbedigungen für die Evaluierung von metabolischen Effekten der auch auf die muskuläre Aktivität influierenden Faktoren notwendig sind.
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to establish suitable standard conditions for metabolic studies in insects, four anaesthetic drugs (ethyl ether, chloroform, halothane and enflurane) have been applied to worker ants ofFormica rufa L. The rate of CO2 liberation from the animals was determined, by measuring the change in the electric conductivity of a 5 mM solution of Sr(OH)2. The procedure applied permits the measurement of rates of CO2 liberation down to about 1.12 μl/h (0.05 μM/h). Among the four anaesthetic drugs investigated, enflurane proved to be the most suitable, not being metabolized and not provoking any initial muscular excitation, or liberation of formic acid. All experiments were carried out in the temperature interval 15–30°C. At 25°C the mean CO2 production per enflurane anaesthetized individual amounts to 6.5 μl/h, which corresponds to 1.6 μl/mg d.w./h. The10 for the production of CO2 in the intervals 15–25°C and 20–30°C were not significantly different, and the mean Q10±SD for the anaesthetized worker ants was 2.56±0.39. The method described is very suitable for experiments on insects when standard conditions are necessary for evaluating the metabolic effects of factors, which may also influence muscular activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 41 (1998), S. 1180-1186 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Late dumping ; gastrectomy ; glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) ; insulin ; glucagon.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentrations of the insulinotropic incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are abnormally high after oral glucose in partially gastrectomised subjects with reactive hypoglycaemia, suggesting a causal relationship. Because of the glucose-dependency of its effects, it is impossible to induce hypoglycaemia in normal subjects in the basal state by exogenous GLP-1, regardless of dose. To further assess the role of the incretin hormones in reactive hypoglycaemia, we reproduced the glucose and hormone profiles of the patients with reactive hypoglycaemia in 8 healthy volunteers in 4 separate protocols: 1) i. v. infusion of glucose (25 g) alone, 2) glucose together with i. v. GLP-1 infusion, and 3) and 4) glucose together with i. v. infusion of the other incretin hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), at two different infusion rates. The plasma glucose, GLP-1 and GIP concentrations (low dose) obtained were comparable with those of the patients. With GLP-1, infusion of a total of 33.4 ± 1.3 g glucose was required to obtain plasma glucose concentrations similar to those obtained by glucose infusion alone; with low GIP, 28.0 ± 1.2 g and with high GIP 38.4 ± 3.5 g. Insulin concentrations increased 10-fold with GLP-1 compared with i. v. glucose alone, but less with high and low GIP. In contrast, C-peptide concentrations were similar after GLP-1 and high GIP. After termination of i. v. glucose the lowest glucose concentrations were 4.5 (3.7–4.9) (median, range) for glucose alone; 2.4 (1.9–2.8) mmol/l with GLP-1; 3.7 (2.6–4.0) with low GIP and 3.3 (2.1–4.2 ) with high GIP. Thus, the exaggerated GLP-1 response to nutrients in patients with accelerated gastric emptying could be responsible for their high incidence of postprandial reactive hypoglycaemia. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 1180–1186]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Skeletal muscle ; adipose tissue ; intramyocellular lipids ; lipolysis ; insulin resistance.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. Both patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and normoglycaemic, insulin resistant subjects were shown to have an increased lipid content in skeletal muscle, which correlates negatively with insulin sensitivity. Recently, it was shown that during a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp interstitial glycerol was reduced not only in adipose tissue but also in skeletal muscle. To assess whether lipolysis of muscular lipids is also regulated by low physiological concentrations of insulin, we used the microdialysis technique in combination with a 3-step hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp. Methods. Nineteen lean, healthy subjects (12 m/7 f) underwent a glucose clamp with various doses of insulin (GC I = 0.1, GC II = 0.25 and GC III = 1.0mU · kg–1· min–1). Two double lumen microdialysis catheters each were inserted in the paraumbilical subcutaneous adipose tissue and in skeletal muscle (tibialis anterior) to measure interstitial glycerol concentration (index of lipolysis) and ethanol outflow (index of tissue flow). Results. During the different steps of the glucose clamp, glycerol in adipose tissue was reduced to 81 ± 7 % (GC I), 55 ± 8 % (GC II) and 25 ± 5 % (GC III), respectively, of basal. In contrast, glycerol in skeletal muscle declined to 73 ± 5 % (GC I) and to 57 ± 6 % (GC II) but was not further reduced at GC III. Tissue flow was higher in the skeletal muscle and remained unchanged in both compartments throughout the experiment. Conclusion/interpretation. This study confirms the presence of glycerol release in skeletal muscle. Lipolysis in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue are suppressed similarly by minute and physiological increases in insulin but differently by supraphysiological increases. Inadequate suppression of intramuscular lipolysis resulting in increased availability of non-esterified fatty acids, could represent a potential mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of impaired glucose disposal, i. e. insulin resistance, in muscle. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1171–1174]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Distributed computing 4 (1990), S. 45-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0452
    Keywords: Net theory ; Trace languages ; Non-sequential processes ; Event structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We study the relationships between a number of behavioural notions that have arisen in the theory of distributed computing. In order to sharpen the under-standing of these relationships we apply the chosen behavioural notions to a basic net-theoretic model of distributed systems called elementary net systems. The behavioural notions that are considered here are trace languages, non-sequential processes, unfoldings and event structures. The relationships between these notions are brought out in the process of establishing that for each elementary net system, the trace language representation of its behaviour agrees in a strong way with the event structure representation of its behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Glucose production ; glucose disappearance ; splanchnic glucose uptake ; gluconeogenesis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine whether the increases in growth hormone that occur during sleep alter carbohydrate tolerance the following morning, two groups of volunteers were studied on two occasions. In one group saline alone was injected and infused (i. e. no octreotide) on one occasion and on the other octreotide was injected at 23.00 hours to inhibit endogenous growth hormone secretion followed by saline infusion to create a state of relative nocturnal growth hormone deficiency. In the other group the octreotide injection was followed on one occasion by a constant growth hormone infusion designed to maintain growth hormone concentrations at “basal” levels throughout the night whereas on the other it was followed by a constant infusion plus two supplemental growth hormone infusions given at midnight and 02.30 hours to mimic the normal nocturnal rise in growth hormone. The next morning, subjects were fed a radiolabelled mixed meal. The differences in the nocturnal growth hormone concentrations had no effect on the glucose, insulin, C-peptide and glucagon concentrations following breakfast ingestion nor did they alter postprandial rates of glucose production, disappearance or substrate oxidation. Thus, the normal nocturnal rise in growth hormone does not appear to be an important regulator of carbohydrate tolerance the following morning. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 1064–1072]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 74 (1990), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Dieser Artikel beschreibt ein vollständiges digitales Steuerungssystem für Standard-Induktionsmotoren. Ein neues Wechselrichter-Spannungsvektor-Steuerungssystem für Hochfrequenzschaltung und ein prädiktives Frequenz-Spannungs-Steuerungssystem, das den Bedarf von Tacho-Rückmeldung eliminiert, ist entwickelt worden. Außerdem wurde ein selbsteinstellendes Parameteranpassungsverfahren entwickelt. Dieses Verfahren nimmt Rücksicht auf die große Variation der elektrischen Parameter verschiedener Fabrikate von Standard-Induktionsmotoren. Für Überwachungszwecke sind Schaltschutz, Minimierung des Schaltverlustes und anwendungsspezifische integrierte Schaltungen vielfach benutzt worden. Die stationären und dynamischen Verhältnisse der Antriebe werden dokumentiert und durch Simulationen verglichen.
    Notes: Contents This paper describes a completely digital control system for standard induction motors. A new inverter voltage vector control system for high frequency switching has been designed, and a predictive frequency-voltage control system that eliminates the need of tacho feedback has been developed. In addition, an adaptive parameter tuning method has been developed. This method takes the large variation in electrical parameters of standard induction motors of different manufactures into account. For control purposes, switch protection and switch loss minimizing, custom designed application specific integrated circuits have been used extensively. Steady-state and dynamic performances of the drive are documented and compared to simulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure and the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability were studied in mice suffering from lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM). Brains and meninges from mice suffering from LCM virus-induced lymphocytic choriomeningitis were studied by investigating the BBB function and by electron and light microscopy. The cellular exudate in the leptomeninges was located in the subarachnoid space, in arachnoidea and pia, and it was dominated by proliferated pial cells and mononuclear cells, most of which were lymphocytes, while there were only a few neutrophil granulocytes. Many intravascular lymphocytes were seen adhering to as well as penetrating the vessel walls. Many of these lymphocytes were morphologically compatible with T cells. Lymphocytes and larger mononuclear cells were also accumulated in the choroid plexus, and lymphocytes were present in the ventricular system with a tendency to adhere to ependymal epithelial cells. Inspection of the ultrathin sections incubated for horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-activity revealed that the overwhelming part of the peroxidase activity was localized in the extracellular space of the meningeal vessel walls and especially in the abundant intercellular fluid which, like the inflammatory cells, was found in the subarachnoid space in arachnoidea and in pia. In the neuropil, only very small quantities of reaction product were seen intercellularly in the most superficial layers of the cortex. The tight junctions were always intact, but the possibility of a non-demonstrable opening is discussed. Evaluation of the BBB permeability for 2-amino[1-14C]isobutyric acid (AIB) was made by quantitative autoradiography, and it was demonstrated convincingly that AIB concentrations in the subpial and perichoroidal tissues were markedly increased in diseased animals as compared to the controls. Our results seem to contradict previous theories on the cause of death resulting from the LCM disease. The findings presented here do not speak in favor of a pronounced brain edema, just as results obtained by us and others do not speak for the possibility of the death being caused by convulsive seizures with subsequent brain anoxia. However, our observations are compatible with the hypothesis that cytotoxic T cells may interact in vivo with virus-infected targets, which are essential for the regulation of the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid. On the other hand, the dysfunction of the BBB demonstrated adds a new element to the pathologic mechanism in a model for the study of virus-induced meningitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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