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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hepatic α-interferon expression in cytomegalovirus-infected liver allograft recipients with and without vanishing bile duct syndrome (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 71 (1993), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Liver transplantation ; α-Interferon ; Cytomegalovirus ; Vanishing bile duct syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In previous studies cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was identified as one risk factor in the development of vanishing bile duct syndrome (VBDS) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), but its precise role in relation to the pathogenesis of tissue damage is uncertain. In the present study a-interferon (α-IFN) expression in the liver was studied as an indirect marker of viral infection in serial liver biopsies from 42 patients following OLT. α-IFN was identified more frequently in the bile duct cytoplasm of patients developing VBDS, with or without evidence of preceding CMV infection (7/8 and 4/5 cases, respectively), when compared with patients with acute CMV but without evidence of VBDS (6/19 cases; P〈0.05) or those with neither complication (2/10 cases; P〈0.01). α-IFN was detectable in bile duct cytoplasm for a longer period in patients developing VBDS than in those with acute CMV infection alone (median 14 weeks and range 9–19, median 6 weeks and range 1–11 weeks, respectively; P〈 0.025). These data indicate that persistent CMV infection of bile duct cells is a likely co-factor linked to progression to VBDS, but the processes that allow persistent viral infection and bile duct destruction remain to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokine expression during allergen-induced late nasal responses: IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA is expressed early (at 6 h) predominantly by eosinophils (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 30 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The production of TH2-type cytokines [interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5] and tissue eosinophilia are characteristic features of allergic diseases. It was previously reported that at 24 h after allergen provocation, CD3+ T-lymphocytes were the principal cell source of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA transcripts in both atopic asthma and rhinitis.To investigate whether IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA are expressed earlier during late nasal responses and if so, which cell(s) are responsible.Nasal biopsies were obtained at 6 h after nasal allergen challenge and following a control challenge with the allergen diluent. Sections were immunostained for T-lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+) and eosinophils (EG2+). In situ hybridization was used to detect the number of cells expressing messenger RNA (mRNA) for IL-4 and IL-5.In patients with allergic rhinitis, eosinophils (EG2+ cells P = 0.006) but not T- cells (CD3+ cells) increased in the nasal mucosa at 6 h after allergen challenge. The number of cells expressing IL-4 mRNA (P = 0.01) and IL-5 mRNA (P = 0.05) also increased at 6 h. Co-localization studies showed that 76% of IL-4 mRNA+ cells and 77% of IL-5 mRNA+ cells were eosinophils, whereas at this time point, T-cells and mast cells accounted for ≤5% of mRNA expression; the identity of the remaining 20% of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA+ cells was not determined. By use of immunohistology, cytokine protein expression at 6 h was confirmed for IL-4 but not for IL-5. No increases in T-cells, eosinophils or cytokine expression were detected in non-atopic subjects.Eosinophils represent an early source of IL-4 which may contribute to TH2-type responses during late nasal responses and ongoing allergic rhinitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00998.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Usefulness and limitation of phylogenetic analysis for hepatitis C virus core region: application to isolates from Egyptian and Yemeni patients (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 141 (1996), S. 1101-1113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report here the nucleotide sequences of the core region of HCV isolates from Egyptian and Yemeni patients and the method for classifying these HCV isolates by phylogenetic analysis. Sequence comparison suggested that the genotypes of these isolates were the same. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the HCV core region indicated that the genotypes of both isolates were 1c. However, an additional phylogenetic tree of the HCV core region constructed using a greater number of HCV isolates than that used in the preliminary analysis and on the basis of alignment of nucleotide sequences in an appropriate length indicated that the genotypes of these isolates were 4 and not 1c. For a more detailed analysis, the nucleotide sequences of the HCV E1 region as well as the core region for the same Yemeni patient were determined. A phylogenetic tree of the E1 region confirmed that the genotype of the HCV isolate from the Yemeni patient was 4. These data indicate that even when classifying HCV isolates using phylogenetic analysis, the misclassification would occur if care is not taken regarding the number and sequence lengths of the isolates included in the analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01718613
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