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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 185-187 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; Hyphal extension ; Chitin microfibril formation ; Congo red ; Morphogenetic abnormalities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aspergillus niger germ tubes were exposed for 6 h to 0.15 mg/ml of Congo red, a stain which prevents chitin microfibril assembly. The most evident alterations, detected under ultraviolet light and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, concerned the hyphal tips which burst or, most frequently, expanded into bulges. In the latter structures, new hyphal tips appeared which, after giving rise to more or less developed hyphae, were themselves converted into new bulges. Therefore, segments derived from isotropic and polarized growth alternated in the organisms exposed to the dye. An interpretation of these abnormalities is advanced based upon the assumption that the maintainance of a regular gradient of wall viscosity in the hyphal extension zone depends primarily on the capability of glycan chains to form crystalline aggregates of increasing complexity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Calreticulin is the major high capacity, low affinity Ca2+ binding protein localized within the endoplasmic reticulum. It functions as a reservoir for triggered release of Ca2+ by the endoplasmic reticulum and is thus integral to eukaryotic signal transduction pathways involving Ca2+ as a second messenger. The early branching photosynthetic protist Euglena gracilis is shown to possess calreticulin as its major high capacity Ca2+ binding protein. The protein was purified, microsequenced and cloned. Like its homologues from higher eukaryotes, calreticulin from Euglena possesses a short signal peptide for endoplasmic reticulum import and the C-terminal retention signal KDEL, indicating that these components of the eukaryotic protein routing apparatus were functional in their present form prior to divergence of the euglenozoan lineage. A gene phytogeny for calreticulin and calnexin sequences in the context of eukaryotic homologues indicates i) that these Ca2+ binding endoplasmic reticulum proteins descend from a gene duplication that occurred in the earliest stages of eukaryotic evolution and furthermore iii that Euglenozoa express the calreticulin protein of the kinetoplastid (trypanosomes and their relatives) lineage, rather than that of the eukaryotic chlorophyte which gave rise to Euglena's plastids. Evidence for conservation of endoplasmic reticulum routing and Ca2+ binding function of calreticulin from Euglena traces the functional history of Ca2+ second messenger signal transduction pathways deep into eukaryotic evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Daucus carota ; dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase ; immunogold labelling ; microsatellite ; plastid localisation ; rapid amplification of 5′ cDNA end (RACE)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of clones obtained by rapid amplification of the 5′ endand by primer extension of the mRNA for carrot bifunctionaldihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase showed transcripts ofdiffering lengths that belonged to two sub-populations. The longertranscripts were found to contain a translation start site 147 ntupstream of, and in frame with, the one which is present in the shortertranscripts. The ORF that begins at this ATG codes for a protein of64714 Da, which is much larger than mature DHFR-TS subunit. TheN-terminusregion of this polypeptide shows features typical of plant transitpeptides. Immunogold labelling studies and immunorecognition of theplastid-containing sub-cellular fraction suggested a plastidiallocalisation of the bifunctional protein. Although plant cells wereshown to contain folate pools in plastids, in mitochondria and in thecytosol, few enzymes of the folate pathway have been associated with anysub-cellular compartment. Thus, this is the first indication for thepresence of an enzyme of the folate biosynthetic pathway in plastids.The longer transcripts revealed the presence of a TC microsatellite atthe 5′-untranslated end.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Triton X-100 ; Dry cleaving ; Euglena gracilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A three-dimensional network of structural filaments was visible with common electron microscopes in the cytoplasm ofEuglena gracilis green cells extracted with buffers containing the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. A similar filamentous web was detected at the periphery of critical point dried cells cleaved on grids by means of an adhesive tape. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the detergent-resistent cytoskeleton showed that actin or actin-like proteins of molecular weight in the range of 43–45 K are not among the components having a structural role inEuglena. The significance of these findings was discussed in relation to the capability of the alga to change the cell shape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Dimethyl sulfoxide ; Euglena gracilis ; Ultrastructural side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a previous study, we demonstrated that 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) alters the contractile system responsible for cell motility (euglenoid movements) and cytokinesis inEuglena gracilis. However, the nucleus continued to divide and most cells were larger than normal and binucleated. The present study reveals that DMSO, besides altering the cell functions requiring microfilaments, also affects other cell parts. More precisely, the materials normally covering the plasma membrane detach from it; the nucleus shows an irregular outline and aberrations in the nucleolus and chromosomes; the chloroplasts decompose the internal structures and, in a number of cells, transform into proplastid-like organelles. Also, the development of the proplastid into chloroplast in etiolated algae exposed to the light in the presence of DMSO is highly disturbed. These results show that DMSO has remarkable side effects like all the cytoskeletal poisons experimented up to now. An interpretation of the nuclear and chloroplast alterations is advanced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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