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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 107 (1985), S. 1034-1041 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Dugesia polychroa ; magnesium chloride ; neoblasts ; planarians ; regeneration ; wound healing ; Platyhelminthes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract At a concentration of 0.2% (21 m M) in culture water, magnesium chloride impaired muscle contraction and completely inhibited head regeneration in specimens of Dugesia polychroa cut prepharyngeally. The wound stayed open for nine days, with neoblasts accumulating beneath the wound without any signs of differentiation. Extremely delayed wound closure occurred by spreading epithelial cells, and was completed after 30 days in the magnesium chloride solution. Histological examination confirmed the absence of any regenerated head structures. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect was removed when such headless fragments were cut once more and kept in normal culture water: complete head regeneration then occurred at a normal rate. Among several possible explanations for the failure to regenerate, the following hypothesis is an attractive alternative: direct contact between parenchyma and epithelial cells during the period following injury seems to be an essential stimulus for the start of cell differentiation within the blastema, and the lack of such contact as a result of the drug action prevents normal regeneration. When the wound has eventually closed, a continuous basement membrane separates epithelium from parenchyma. Thus a direct contact between these tissues is never established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 305 (1995), S. 261-261 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: architomy ; asexual reproduction ; Dugesia tahitiensis ; fission ; head frequency ; photoperiod ; planarians ; regeneration ; Tricladida ; Turbellaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A pilot study was performed to assess the regenerative capacities of Dugesia tahitiensis Gourbault, 1977, an exclusively fissiparous planarian species. Animals measuring 9.5–12.5 mm in length were used. Head regeneration rate determined by the appearance of eye spots (Brødsted, 1969: 29–46) was extremely high: at 23 °C, it took 43–59 h to regenerate clearly discernible eye spots in 28 specimens. For comparison, 3.8 days were reported for the regeneration of eye spots in 11.9–12.7 mm long D. tigrina (Girard) at 24 °C (Mead, 1985). As all posterior fragments regenerated a head, irrespective of the cutting level, D. tahitiensis seems to match the Phagocata velata (Stinger) type with a head frequency of 100% at every level (Teshirogi et al., 1977; cf. also Brøndsted, 1969:30).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 305 (1995), S. 265-265 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cell-aggregation ; Dugesia polychroa ; Dugesia tahitiensis ; planarian cells ; pseudogastrulae ; restitution bodies ; Tricladida ; Turbellaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restitution bodies are more or less spherical cell aggregates covered with an epithelial layer and ranging from 10 to 500 µm in diameter. They were first observed by Freisling & Reisinger (1958) who pressed planarians through fine mesh gauze and suspended the resulting cell mass in a relatively small amount of hypotonic medium (50% Holtfreter's solution). To optimize and standardize conditions, planarians were disintegrated into their cells using a Dounce homogenizer with a tolerance of 50 µm (Franquinet, 1981; Schürmann & Peter, 1988). This was done in an isotonic medium (126 mOsmol 1−1 pH 7.4; Schürmann, 1993) based on a composition published by Teshirogi & Tohya (1988). A 40- to 200-fold excess of medium was applied under sterile conditions. Restitution bodies originated immediately after disintegration, Dugesia polychroa (Schmidt) and Dugesia Tahitiensis Gourbault being equally efficient. This spontaneous cell aggregation apparently depends critically on the ciliary action of epithelial cells. The presence of free calcium ions (1 mM) is a prerequisite for ciliary activity as well as for the formation of restitution bodies. Morphology, histology and sizes of the restitution bodies were similar to the original description, with varying cellular composition and different forms. Spheres prevailed, a central cavity was either filled with different cell types, or contained a vacuolized cell mass, or was empty. Double spheres and ‘pseudogastrulae’ with varied invaginations were observed. Light microscopy suggests the wide-spread occurence of synctia; these findings must, however, be reexamined by ultrastructural studies. The restitution bodies survived up to one week at 20 °C without a change of medium. When larger aggregates were separated by filtration through a 40 µm nylon gauze 12 h after tissue disintegration and the medium was changed every two days, they survived for two weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: centrifugation ; density gradient ; Dugesia polychroa ; Dugesia tahitiensis ; neoblasts ; planarians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method has been devised to isolate neoblasts from planarians in high purity and high yield. Specimens of Dugesia polychroa and Dugesia tahitiensis were disintegrated mechanically. After several prepurification steps consisting in sequential filtering through increasingly fine meshes and differential centrifugation, the resulting cell suspension was separated by centrifugation in discontinuous density gradients formed from Percoll solutions. Isosmotic conditions were applied. Two gradients are recommended, one isopycnic four-step gradient (densities 1.03, 1.05, 1.07, 1.09) to obtain one single fraction with a high yield of neoblasts in high purity and one six-step gradient for preparing subfractions of neoblasts somewhat less pure, but in still greater amounts. This latter gradient (densities 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.065, 1.07, 1.09) was run under conditions of rate zonal centrifugation and used for further subtyping of neoblasts by specific staining with azure A – eosin B. A first survey of tentative types based on morphological criteria is given. The viability of neoblasts isolated in the way described was tested in primary cell cultures. In current experiments, 6-week-old cultures had a viability of roughly 50%, with mitoses up to 1 week after the isolation of neoblasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 305 (1995), S. 267-267 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cell culture ; density gradients ; Dugesia polychroa ; neoblast separation ; planarians ; Tricladida ; Turbellaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract For highly purified preparations of neoblasts, density gradient centrifugation in Percoll solutions (Pertoft et al., 1978) was applied to cell suspensions obtained by disintegrating Dugesia polychroa (Schmidt) in culture medium contained in a Dounce homogenizer (tolerance: 50 µm; one animal 12 mm in length per ml). To reduce the high viscosity caused by mucus, 0.00063% (w/v) of dithiothreitol was added during disintegration and purification. Based on previous experiments (Schürmann & Peter, 1988), five media were compared. For prepurification, four washing steps (differential centrifugations at 500 × g for 5 min each) were followed by subsequent filtration through a series of nylon gauzes (40, 30, 20 and 15 µm mesh size) and a final washing step. The resulting cell suspensions were then fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation (500 × g, 45 min) in one continuous (1.018–1.121 g ml−1) or one of seven different discontinuous Percoll gradients (Schürmann, 1993). The best yield and highest purity of neoblasts in one fraction was obtained with a four step gradient (1.03–1.09 g ml−1): the neoblasts (purity: 91%) were concentrated in one sharp band at the boundary between the densities 1.05 and 1.07 g ml−1. The spherical cells (diameter from 10 to 13 µm in vivo) stained as typical neoblasts (Pedersen, 1959). Primary cultures were obtained with all media. The medium developed by Teshirogi and Tohya (1988) and its isotonic modification (Schürmann, 1993) proved best, resulting in 86% of viable cells without signs of differentiation after 17 days of culture at 18 °C, with still 46% being left after 31 days. Earlier reports state that isolated neoblasts only survive for 4 days (Betchaku, 1967) and total planarian cell suspensions only 2–3 weeks (Teshirogi & Tohya, 1988).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 118 (1985), S. 1441-1454 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereoselektive Addition von Organotitan-Agenzien an Carbonyl-VerbindungenTitanierung von Alkyllithium- oder -magnesium-Verbindungen mittels ClTi(OR)3 ergibt Reagenzien, die eine deutlich erhöhte Diastereoselektivität (80-90%) bei Reaktionen mit α-chiralen Aldehyden oder Ketonen zeigen. Titanierung ist auch die Methode der Wahl im Falle von Grignardartigen Additionen an substituierte Cyclohexanone; CH3Ti(OCHMe2)3 (6a) greift bevorzugt von der äquatorialen Seite an, während die Allyltitan-Reagenzien 11b und 12 hauptsächlich axialen Angriff eingehen. Crotyltitan-Agenzien reagieren mit Carbonyl-Verbindungen unter bevorzugter Bildung von Addukten mit der anti-Konfiguration, eine besonders wertvolle Reaktion im Falle von Ketonen (anti/syn-Verhältnisse bis zu 99:1). Titanierung von (Trimethylsilyl)allyllithium (48) mit Ti(OCHMe2)4 kehrt die Regioselektivität bei Additionen an Aldehyde und Ketone um, denn die einzigen Produkte sind β-Hydroxysilane 50. Sie haben die anti-Konfiguration und können mit Hilfe der Peterson-Eliminierung unter basischen bzw. sauren Bedingungen in Z- oder E-Diene übergeführt werden.
    Notes: Titanation of alkyllithium or -magnesium compounds using ClTi(OR)3 results in reagents which show markedly increased diastereofacial selectivity (80-90%) in reactions with α-chiral aldehydes or ketones. Titanation is also the method of choice in Grignard-type additions to substituted cyclohexanones; CH3Ti(OCHMe2)3 (6a) adds predominantly from the equatorial direction, while allyltitanium reagents 11b and 12 show axial preference. Crotyltitanium compounds react with carbonyl compounds to afford primarily adducts having anti-configuration, a process which is of particular value in case of ketones (anti/syn ratios up to 99:1). Titanation of (trimethylsilyl)allyllithium (48) with Ti(OCHMe2)4 reverses regioselectivity in reactions with aldehydes and ketones, β-hydroxy silanes 50 being the only observed products. These have anti-configuration and can be converted either into Z- or E-dienes using the Peterson elimination under basic or acidic conditions, respectively.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 118 (1985), S. 1421-1440 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemoselektive Addition von Organotitan-Agenzien an Carbonyl-VerbindungenDie Überführung von klassischen Carbanionen wie RMgX, RLi oder deprotonierten Nitrilen, Sulfonen oder Carbonsäureestern in Titan-Analoga ergibt Agenzien, die in Gegenwart von anderen funktionellen Gruppen chemoselektiv an Carbonylverbindungen addieren. Das Standard-Titanierungsagens ist Chlortriisopropoxytitan (1). Grignard-artige Reaktionen sowie Aldoladditionen sind aldehyd-selektiv in Gegenwart von Ketonen. Andere funktionelle Gruppen wie Alkyl- und Arylhalogenide, Ester, Amide sowie Nitro- und Cyanreste werden toleriert. Die Unterscheidung zwischen zwei Aldehyden oder zwei Ketonen ist ebenfalls möglich. Der Ersatz von Alkoxyliganden durch Methylgruppen hat eine drastische Erhöhung der Reaktivität zur Folge, d.h. die relativen Geschwindigkeiten nehmen in folgender Serie zu: CH3Ti(OCHMe2)3 〈 (CH3)2Ti-(OCHMe2)2 〈 (CH3)4Ti. Das letztere Agens sowie das Zirkon-Analogon methylieren sterisch gehinderte und/oder enolisierbare Ketone, die normalerweise keine Grignard-Reaktionen eingehen. Der At-Komplex H2C = CHCH2Ti(OCHMe2)4 MgCl (63) ist aldehyd-selektiv, während die entsprechende Aminoverbindung H2C =CHCH2Ti(NMe2)4MgCl (64) selektiv mit Ketonen in Gegenwart von Aldehyden reagiert.
    Notes: The conversion of classical carbanions such as RMgX, RLi, or deprotonated nitriles, sulfones, and carboxylic esters into titanium analogs results which add chemoselectively to carbonyl compounds in the presence of other functional groups. The standard titanating agent is chlorotrisopropoxytitanium (1). Grignard-type reactions and aldol additions are aldehyde-selective in the presence of ketones. Other functional groups such as alkyl and aryl halides, esters, amides as well as nitro and cyano moieties are tolerated. Discrimination between two aldehydes or two ketones is also possible. Replacing alkoxy ligands by methyl groups at titanium increases reactivity dramatically, relatives rates increasing in the series CH3Ti(OCHMe2)3 〈 (CH3)2Ti-(OCHMe2)2 〈 (CH3)4Ti. The latter reagent and its zirconium analog methylate sterically hindered and/or enolizable ketones which normally fail to undergo Grignard reactions. The ate complex H2C = CHCH2Ti(OCHMe2)4MgCl (63) is aldehyde-selective, while the amino analog H2C = CHCH2Ti(NMe2)4MgCl (64) adds selectively to ketones in the presence of aldehydes.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 120 (1987), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The titanation of the sodium salt of ethyl (diethoxyphosphoryl)-acetate (1) results in a reagent which undergoes a stereoselctive Knoevenagel condensation with aldehydes to form the corresponding trisubstituted olefins 3 having the Z-configuration.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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