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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 24 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the context of a project aiming to assess risk factors affecting health status of Greek adolescents, 380 adolescents aged 12–17 years were randomly selected from two rural high schools of similar socioeconomic status, and from two urban schools of different socioeconomic level, namely urban/lower and urban/higher. Dental examinations were carried out according to WHO diagnostic criteria: oral hygiene habits were recorded through personal interviews; and diet was assessed through interviewer-administered, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires. The percentage of caries-free adolescents varied from 24.3 in the age group of 12–13 years to 13.2 in the age group 16–17 years: mean (SE) DMFT values were 3.7 (0.3) in the younger age group and 5.9 (0.4) in the older age group whereas mean (SE) DMFS values were respectively 5.6 (0.5) and 9.9 (0.9). Multiple regression analysis-derived results showed that dental health, measured through either DMFT or DMFS indices, was significantly better among younger and male adolescents: among higher socioeconomic class urban residents; among those brushing their teeth at least once per day: and among those who had better school performance. There was evidence that intake of vegetables and milk products was associated with lower DMFS and DMFT indices, whereas there was a non-significant tendency for sugar intake to be associated with higher values of these indices. In contemporary Greek society there-are substantial social inequalities with respect to dental health: these are due, in part, to differences in oral hygiene habits and patterns of dietary intakes. High risk groups should be identified among the underprivileged for targeted health education efforts and delivery of more intensive dental care services.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Age ; Atopy ; Healthy children ; IgG subclasses ; Infections ; Socioeconomic status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 were determined by radial immunodiffusion in a sample of 414 healthy Greek children, who were admitted to the major Teaching Hospital for Children in Athens for minor surgical operations. Statistical analysis was performed by multiple regression after logarithmic transformation of the immunoglobulin values. There was a statistically significant increase of IgG3 with age, whereas IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 levels reached a turning point at the age of five years. Older than 5 years male children were found to have marginally higher IgG4 levels than females. Low socioeconomic class was positively and significantly associated (9% increase) with IgG1 levels only among the older age group. History of frequent infections was associated with a 16% increase of IgG1 levels in the younger (less than 5 years) (p = 0.01) and with a 47% increase of IgG4 among the older age group (p = 0.03). Atopic history was associated with a 16% increase of IgG1 in the younger (p = 0.02). The findings of the present study provide an insight on the determinants and the clinical significance of IgG subclass levels among children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; estrogens ; maternal age ; parity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Total estrogens (TE), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and human placental lactogen (hPL) were determined by radioimmunoassay in the blood of 126 pregnant women during their 26th and 31st weeks of pregnancy and the results were studied in relation to maternal age and parity. Total estrogens and E2 were lowest among the youngest women (〈20 years) and highest among women aged 20–24 years, whereas older women (25 + years) had, on the average, intermediate values. For E3 the pattern was qualitatively similar to that of TE and E2 but less striking, and no maternal age pattern was evident with respect to hPL. Within maternal age groups, TE and E2 were higher among women in the first, than among those in their second, full-term pregnancy; the difference was about seven percent for TE (P=0.14) and about 14 percent for E2 (P=0.05). No parity patterns were evident with respect to E3 and hPL. There were fairly strong correlations between the determinations of the same hormone in the same woman during the 26th and 31st weeks of pregnancy; Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.60 for TE, 0.78 for E2, 0.60 for E3, and 0.72 for hPL. Since the risk of breast cancer increases apparently monotonically with maternal age at birth, the present data are equivocal with respect to the hypothesis linking levels of pregnancy estrogens to risk of breast cancer in the offspring. However, the data are compatible with hypotheses linking excessive pregnancy-estrogen exposure to conditions more common among first-born individuals, including testicular cancer and cryptorchidism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Childhood leukemia ; environmental exposure ; Greece ; spatial clustering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 872 children aged up to 14 years, who were diagnosed withleukemia in Greece during the decade 1980-89, were allocated by place ofresidence to the 601 administrative districts of the country. Evaluation ofspatial clustering was done using the Potthoff-Whittinghill method, whichvalidly assesses heterogeneity of leukemia risk among districts with variableexpected numbers of cases. There was highly significant evidence for spatialclustering occurring particularly among children living in urban and, to alesser extent, semi-urban areas. The evidence was stronger for childrenyounger than 10 years old, applied also to children in different five-yearage groups, and persisted when cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia wereanalyzed separately. These findings provide support to the hypothesis thatlocalized environmental exposures could contribute to the etiology ofchildhood leukemia, but they cannot distinguish between exposures of physicalor chemical nature, nor can they exclude socially conditioned patterns ofexposure to infectious agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 16 (2000), S. 819-826 
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Accident proneness ; Driving behavior ; Driving capability ; Risk factors ; Risk taking ; Road traffic crashes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are responsible for a substantial fraction of morbidity and mortality and are responsible for more years of life lost than most of human diseases. In this review, we have tried to delineate behavioral factors that collectively represent the principal cause of three out of five RTCs and contribute to the causation of most of the remaining. Although sharp distinctions are not always possible, a classification of behavioral factors is both necessary and feasible. Thus, behavioral factors can be distinguished as (i) those that reduce capability on a long-term basis (inexperience, aging, disease and disability, alcoholism, drug abuse), (ii) those that reduce capability on a short-term basis (drowsiness, fatigue, acute alcohol intoxication, short term drug effects, binge eating, acute psychological stress, temporary distraction), (iii) those that promote risk taking behavior with long-term impact (overestimation of capabilities, macho attitude, habitual speeding, habitual disregard of traffic regulations, indecent driving behavior, non-use of seat belt or helmet, inappropriate sitting while driving, accident proneness) and (iv) those that promote risk taking behavior with short-term impact (moderate ethanol intake, psychotropic drugs, motor vehicle crime, suicidal behavior, compulsive acts). The classification aims to assist in the conceptualization of the problem that may also contribute to behavior modification-based efforts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast cancer ; insulin growth factor I ; leptin ; postmenopause ; premenopause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Because both breast cancer and the hormone leptin are associated with obesity and reproductive phenomena in women, we have examined whether there is a relationship between leptin and breast cancer among premenopausal and postmenopausal women. We have also evaluated in this dataset the association of IGF-I with breast cancer. Methods: Seventy-five cases, diagnosed during mammographic screening, with incident breast cancer were matched for age and type of permanent residence with seventy-five controls from those screened negative in the same study base. Results: There was no evidence for an association between IGF-I and either premenopausal or postmenopausal breast cancer risk or between leptin and postmenopausal breast cancer. Among premenopausal women, however, there was a strong and statistically significant inverse association of leptin with breast cancer. Conclusion: We did not confirm the positive association, reported from other investigations, of IGF-I with premenopausal breast cancer risk. We have found evidence, however, that leptin may be inversely related to breast cancer risk among premenopausal women. The latter finding is not biologically implausible and deserves to be examined in additional datasets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: birth weight ; childhood leukemia ; gender ; insulin-like growth factor ; IGF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its principal binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) are central in the mediation of the effect of growth hormone, and the IGF system has been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of childhood leukemia. Methods: To further evaluate the hypothesis connecting the IGF system to this disease, we have examined whether IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 are associated with the two main endogenous risk factors for childhood leukemia, namely gender and birth weight, since boys and heavier newborns are known to be at higher risk. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were measured under code in the serum of 118 apparently healthy children aged 0–14years and the values of each of these components were regressed on age, gender and birth weight. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), as a dependent variable, and anemia during the corresponding pregnancy, as a predictor variable, were also evaluated for exploratory purposes. Results: In the total data set, IGF-1 was positively associated with birth weight (p = 0.0001), whereas girls had higher levels of IGFBP-3 (p = 0.01). Conclusions: It appears that the associations of measured components of the IGF system with the examined risk factors for childhood leukemia are largely compatible with those that would have been expected, if this system played a role in the pathogenesis of childhood leukemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 445-450 
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Childhood leukemia ; infection ; population mixing ; rural-urban migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mortality from childhood leukemia was examined particularly in rural countries in relation to any major ruralurban migration. Significant increases have been found in other situations of rural population mixing as predicted by the infection hypothesis. The 1950s and 1960s were of most interest since it preceded the decline in mortality brought about by effective chemotherapy in many countries. The 33 countries covered were all those in the World Health Organization's mortality database. No sensitive measure of rural-urban migration is available for international comparisons. However, it seems noteworthy that Greece and Italy, the two countries with the most striking levels of rural migration in the 1950s and 1960s, also had unusually high mortality rates from childhood leukemia. Greece was most affected proportionally by these population movements and from 1958 to 1972 had the highest recorded mortality from this cause in the world. The problems of international comparisons of mortality data dictate caution in drawing conclusions. However, against a background of other work on population mixing, and in the light of certain considerations, we suggest that the marked rural population mixing in Greece and Italy may have contributed to their high mortality rates from childhood leukemia in the 1950s and 1960s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le «European Code Against Cancer» (ECAC) a été prodigué à quatre groupes de 50 femmes. Dans le premier groupe, la traduction grecque du programme original a été fournie; dans le second groupe un ensemble d'images explicatives a été fourni en supplément du texte; dans le troisième groupe une version simplifiée du texte a été fournie; enfin, dans la quatrième groupe, le texte était accompagné par un entretien de 15 minutes avec un psychologue. Dans un groupe de comparaison (76 femmes), aucun texte n'était donné. Après un délai de 4 à 7 jours, toutes les femmes remplissaient un questionnaire évaluant la connaissance des participantes sur l'étiologie et la prévention du cancer, la connaissance adéquate et la connaissance exacte. Aucune différence n'a été notée entre les trois groupes de femmes ayant reçu l'information et le groupe de comparaison. En revanche, il y a eu une amélioration substantielle des connaissances chez les femmes ayant reçu le texte plus le conseil par un psychologue. Cette différence porte sur les connaissances correctes aussi bien que sur les connaissances perçues et les connaissances adéquates. L'amélioration était particulièrement importante concernant le dépistage, les cancers liés à l'alimentation; en revanche, il y a eu peu d'amélioration des connaissances concernant le tabagisme et l'exposition aux radiations. Les connaissances concernant la prévention et l'étiologie du cancer étaient positivement corrélées avec les connaissances concernant la contraception et le tabagisme, même chez les femmes de même âge et même niveau d'éducation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der «European Code Against Cancer» (ECAC) wurde vier Gruppen mit je 50 Frauen vorgelegt. Der ersten Gruppe wurde eine griechische Übersetzung des Originals gegeben; die zweite Gruppe erhielt in Ergänzung zum Code erklärende Cartoons; der dritten Gruppe wurde eine vereinfachte Version des Codes vorgelegt und die vierte Gruppe erhielt neben dem Code eine Betreuung von etwa 15 Minuten durch einen Psychologen. Einer Kontrollgruppe von 76 Frauen wurde der ECAC nicht vorgelegt. Nach 4-7 Tagen erhielten sämtliche Frauen einen Fragebogen mit 78 items zu Ursachen und Prävention von Krebs. Dabei sollte überprüft werden, wieviel Wissen erinnert wurde (perceived knowledge, PK), wieviel Wissen exakt wiedergegeben wurde (accurate knowledge, AK) und wieviel korrektes Wissen (correct knowledge, CK) vorhanden war (Angaben in %). Bezüglich dieser drei Parameter wurde kein Unterschied festgestellt zwischen den beiden Gruppen mit dem modifizierten ECAC ohne Betreuung bzw mit dem ECAC und ergänzenden Cartoons einerseits und der Kontrollgruppe andererseits. Im Unterschied dazu fand sich eine deutlich signifikante Wissensverbesserung bei den Frauen, die neben dem ECAC eine individuelle Betreuung erhalten hatten; diese Differenz im korrekten Wissen (CK) war sowohl auf eine Verbesserung des PK (erinnerliches Wissen) als auch des AK (exakt wiedergegebenes Wissen) zurückzuführen. Eine Wissensverbesserung war besonders deutlich bei Fragen zu Krebsscreening, ernährungs- und arbeitsbedingten Krebsarten, während eine nur geringfügige Verbesserung bei den Aspekten Tabak und Strahlenexposition zu verzeichnen war. Es gab eine positive Korrelation zwischen dem «CK» über Ursachen und Prävention von Krebs einerseits und dem «AK» über Kontrazeption und Nichtrauchen andererseits, auch bei Frauen derselben Altersgruppe und desselben Ausbildungsstandes.
    Notes: Summary The European Code Against Cancer (ECAC) was administered to four groups of women, each comprising about 50 women. In the first group, the Greek translation of the original code was given; in the second group a set of explanatory cartoons was given in addition to the code; in the third group a more simplified version of the code was administered; lastly, in the fourth group the code was administered and in addition, mothers were tutored for about 15 minutes by a psychologist. A comparison group of 76 women were not exposed to ECAC. After 4 to 7 days, all women were given a 78-item questionnaire, probing their perceived knowledge (PK) about cancer etiology and prevention, their accurate knowledge (AK) and eventually their correct knowledge (CK), (all expressed in %). No difference, with respect to any of the above three parameters was noted between the three groups of women who were given the ECAC, the ECAC with cartoons or the modified ECAC without individual tutoring on the one hand and the comparison group on the other. By contrast, there was a substantial and highly significant improvement of knowledge among women who were given the ECAC and who were also individually tutored; this difference in CK was accounted for by improvement in both PK and AK. Improvement was particularly evident in respect to questions dealing with cancer screening, nutritional and occupational cancers, whereas there was little improvement with respect to knowledge concerning some aspects of tobacco smoking and exposure to radiation. CK about cancer etiology and prevention was positively correlated with AK about contraception and nonsmoking status, even among women of the same age and educational status.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 41 (1996), S. 70-78 
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der griechischen Bevölkerung wurde eine Fall-Kontrollstudie über Risikofaktoren von Totgeburten zwischen 1989 und 1991 durchgeführt. Die während der 3 Jahre in ganz Griechenland registrierten Totgeburten innerhalb der ersten 28 Schwangerschaftswochen (n=2006) bildeten die Gruppe der Fälle. Im selben Zeitraum wurden 10% der Lebendgeburten der Landes als Kontrollgruppe randomisiert ausgewählt (n=30705). Mittels multipler linearer Regression wurden die Daten analysiert. Das angepasste relative Risiko des Todes war bei der männlichen Frucht signifikant höher als bei der weiblichen. Ein statistisch signifikantes und monotones Ansteigen des relativen Risikos zeigte sich bei verkürzter Gestationsdauer, tiefer Schulbildung und höherem Alter der Mutter. Geburtsgewicht und Parität verliefen mit intrauterinem Sterberisiko in einer U-förmigen Beziehung Dabei stieg das Risiko sowohl mit tiefer als auch mit höher werdendem Geburtsgewicht, und es war bei Pimiparae und Multiparae (4 und mehr Geburten) höher als bei Müttern mit 2 bis 3 Geburten. Die nach den ersten Berechnungen positive Korrelation zwischen Totgeburt und Multiparität verschwand fast vollständig in der logarithmischen Regression, wenn die Mütter nicht verheiratet und nicht griechisch orthodox waren. Wohnsitz in der Stadt oder auf dem Land hatte keine Beziehung zum Risiko. Insgesamt war das Risiko einer Totgeburt in den ersten 24 Schwangerschaftswochen in Griechenland grösser als im höher entwickelten Japan, wo in den ersten 36 Schwangerschaftswochen mehr als 40% aller Totgeburten auftreten.
    Abstract: Résumé Une étude de cas-contrôle a été conduite sur des facteurs de risque de mort-né de la population grecque entre 1989 et 1991. Tous les cas de morts-nés régistrés après 28 semaines de gestation (n=2006) durant les trois années d'étude ont formés la groupe des cas. Parmis tous les nouveaux nés vivants du pays 10% ont étés choisis comme groupe de contrôle (n=30705) durant la même période. Les donnés ont été analysés par la régression linéaire multiple. Il se montait que le risque de mort-né fut plus élevé pour le sexe masculin comparé au féminine. Une montée statistiquement significant et monotone a été observée sur le risque relatif, si la durée de gestation diminuait, si une basse éducation maternelle et un âge maternal plus élevé. Le poids de naissance et la parité suivaient le risque de mort-né par une courbe de forme d'un U: Le risque se réduit si le poids de naissance devenait bas ou haut ainsi que si la mère était une primipara ou multipara (4 naissances ou plus). Selon les premières calculations la corrélation entre mort-né et multiparité était positive mais ce résultat disparaissait presque par la régression logarithmique, si les mères n'étaient ni mariées ni grecque-orthodoxes. Le risque ne dépendait pas du domicile urbain ou rural. Finallement le risque prospectif de mort-né pendant les premières 24 semaines de gestation en Grèce a été estimé plus élevé qu'en Japon, un pays plus développé, avec plus 40% de tous les mort-nés se passent durant les premières 36 semaines de gestation.
    Notes: Summary A population-based case-control study of the determinants of stillbirths was conducted in Greece from 1989 to 1991. All reported stillbirths after 28 weaks of pregnancy (N=2,006) during the three year study period comprised the case group. The control group derived from random sampling of 10% of all livebirths in Greece, during the same period (N=30,705). The data were analysed by modelling through multiple logistic regression. The adjusted relative risk of stillbirth was significantly higher for males compared to females. A statistically significant monotonic increase in relative risk was observed with shorter gestational age, low maternal education, and older maternal age. Birthweight and parity showed a statistically significant U-shaped association with stillbirth risk, with a higher risk being observed among both low and high birthweight deliveries, as well as among primiparous or multiparous (4+) mothers. Positive associations of stillbirth with multiple births, out-of-wedlock marriage and non-Greek-orthodox maternal religion were noted in crude analyses, but these associations almost disappeared in the logistic regression model. Maternal urban or rural residence showed no relation to risk. Overall, the prospective risk of stillbirth after the 24th week of gestation in Greece has been estimated to be higher than that in Japan (a more developed country) with more than 40% of stillbirths occurring after the 36th week of pregnancy.
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