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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracheal submucosal gland development in the rhesus monkey,Macaca mulatta: ultrastructure and histochemistry (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 174 (1986), S. 167-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The submucosal glands are thought to be the primary source of the mucus overlying the primate trachea and conducting airways. This study characterizes the development of submucosal glands in the trachea of the rhesus monkey. Tracheas from 46 age-dated fetal, 8 postnatal and 3 adult rhesus were fixed in glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde and slices processed for electron microscopy. The earliest (70 days gestational age (DGA)) indication of gland development was the projection of a group of closely packed electron lucent cells with few organelles and small pockets of glycogen into the submucosa. This configuration was observed up to 110 DGA. In fetuses younger than 87 DGA it was present almost exclusively over cartilaginous areas. Between 80 and 140 DGA, a cylinder of electron lucent cells projected into the submucosal connective tissue perpendicular to the surface. In fetuses younger than 100 DGA, it was restricted to cartilaginous areas. By 90 DGA, some glycogen containing cells in proximal regions contained apical cored granules. By 106 DGA, cells in proximal areas contained apical electron lucent granules. More distal cells had abundant GER and electron dense granules. The most distal cells resembled the undifferentiated cells at younger ages. Ciliated cells were present in the most proximal portions of glands at 120 DGA. This glandular organization was found in older animals, including adults, with the following changes: (1) abundance of proximal cells with electron lucent granules increased; (2) abundance of distal cells with electron dense granules increased; and (3) abundance of distal cells with abundant glycogen and few organelles decreased. We conclude that submucosal gland development in the rhesus monkey: (1) is primarily a prenatal process; (2) occurs first over cartilage; (3) continues into the postnatal period; and (4) involves secretory cell maturation in a proximal to distal sequence with mucous cells differentiating before serous cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00824332
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural morphometric characterization of alveolar type II cells of perinatal sheep: a comparison with adults (1992)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 186 (1992), S. 355-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Perinatal ; Neonatal ; Adult ; Type II cell ; Sheep lung development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The quantitative morphologic changes in alveolar type II cells during the perinatal period were characterized morphometrically in the lungs of fetal lambs at 132, 138, and 147 days gestational age (DGA) and in newborns at 2 days postnatal age (2 DPN). Ultrastructural features were compared with those of type II cells of ewes 365 days old. Lamellar body profile number per type II cell profile was highest at term (147 DGA) and 2 DPN. In adults, the number of lamellar body profiles and volume density of lamellar bodies were equal to those of the 132 DGA fetus. Multivesicular bodies were most common at 138 DGA and in adults. The volume density of cytoplasmic glycogen fell dramatically during the latter part of gestation. The volume density of many cellular organelles increased to the level observed in adults by term (147 DGA). Subcellular composition of type II cells of adult sheep differs from that reported for adult rats chiefly by the volume density of lamellar material within the cytoplasm. Plate-like or globe-like inclusions were present only in the type II cells of adults. Cytoplasmic extensions of the type II cell crossing the basal lamina were most abundant in the 132 and 138 DGA fetal sheep. Cytoplasmic extensions were rare in adults. We conclude that morphologic changes of the alveolar type II cell associated with gestational age follow a species-specific time course. In the sheep, this occurs during the later part of gestation and extends into the neonatal period. Morphologic and morphometric changes appear to correspond with cellular interactions between alveolar type II cells and mesenchymal cells of the interstitium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185985
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphometric Approaches for Evaluating Pulmonary Toxicity in Mammals: Implications for Risk Assessment (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Recent advances in quantitative morphology provide all the tools necessary to obtain structural information in the lung that can be quantified and interpreted in the three-dimensional world of toxicology. Structural hierarchies of conducting airways and parenchyma of the lung provide: (1) numbers of cells per airway, lobe, or lung; (2) surface areas of cells, airways, and alveoli; (3) length of airways and vessels; and (4) volumes of cells, alveoli, airways, vessels, and individual lobes or the entire lung. Unbiased sampling of these subcompartments of the lung requires fractionation of lobes or individual airways. Individual airways of proximal and distal generations are obtained by airway microdissection along one axial pathway and comparisons made between airway generations. Vertical sections of selected airways are used to sample epithelium and interstitium. Using this unbiased approach of quantitative morphology, we have shown that inhalation of low ambient concentrations of ozone ([O3]0.15 ppm) near or at the United States National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (0.12 ppm O3) induces significant alterations in bronchiolar epithelium and interstitium in nonhuman primates but not rats. The alterations do not appear to be concentration- or time-dependent, thereby bringing into question the current NAAQS that may be at or above the threshold for distal airway injury in primates. Unbiased morphometric methods are critical in a quantitative evaluation of toxicological injury of mammalian tracheobronchial airways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00244.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbohydrate cytochemistry of rhesus monkey tracheal epithelium (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 210 (1984), S. 293-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Three types of nonciliated secretory epithelial cells contribute material to the mucous lining of pulmonary airways: mucous cells, serous cells, and Clara cells. Extensive interspecies variation exists, especially between humans and laboratory mammals, with regard to occurrence, distribution, and granule content of these secretory cells. This study was designed to characterize one aspect of these differences in one species of nonhuman primate, the rhesus monkey. The complex carbohydrates of secretory granules present in the tracheal epithelium were characterized cytochemically. The tracheas of seven monkeys were fixed by airway infusion, processed, and embedded for both light and transmission electron microscopy. Histochemical stains including Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff, dialyzed iron, and high iron diamine-Alcian blue were applied to serial methacrylate sections. The mucous cells were the predominant secretory cell type of the trachea and contained periodate-reactive sulfated glycoconjugates. The mucous secretory granules, as resolved with the electron microscope, consisted of a mesh or matrix surrounding a biphasic core. The matrix was stained by all cytochemical reactions used, which included periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate, dialyzed iron, low iron diamine, and high iron diamine. The biphasic core also reacted with the four stains, but most intensely with high iron diamine. We conclude from this study that (1) the mucous secretory granule contains carbohydrate throughout all phases of the granule, (2) the mucous granule contains periodate-reactive sulfated glycoconjugates, with sulfate esters concentrated in the core of the granule, and (3) the mucous granules of rhesus trachea morphologically and cytochemically resemble those described in human airways.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092100204
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of the distal conducting airways in rhesus monkey lungs (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 211 (1985), S. 295-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study systematically characterizes the organization and nature of epithelial populations in the distal airways of the adult rhesus monkey. Infusionfixed lungs were evaluated using airway dissection and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We found that a true bronchiole free of cartilage and alveolar outpockets was not consistently present. Cartilage and alveolar outpocketings were often observed within the same airway generation. The epithelial population of nonalveolarized terminal conducting airways was pseudostratified columnar, consisting of ciliated, mucous, and basal cells. The respiratory bronchiole found immediately distal to the terminal conducting airways had two clearly demarcated zones of distinctly different epithelial populations. Overlying the pulmonary artery was the same pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial population observed in nonalveolarized terminal airways. The epithelial population in the remainder of the respiratory bronchiole, not associated with the pulmonary artery, was simple nonciliated cuboidal with a few squamous cells. The cuboidal nonciliated bronchiolar cell differs from the mucous cell by having few small granules and rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The extension of the ciliated, mucous, and basal cells several generations into the respiratory bronchiole in rhesus monkey has not been observed in rodents and other laboratory mammals. Data from studies of human airways, although not explicit, suggest that the rhesus monkey epithelial cell pattern resembles the pattern in the human terminal airways.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092110310
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytodifferentiation of two epithelial populations of the respiratory bronchiole during fetal lung development in the rhesus monkey (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 297-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study describes the cytodifferentiation of the two populations of epithelial cells found in the respiratory bronchiole of the adult rhesus monkey. One population, pseudostratified and containing ciliated, nonciliated secretory, and basal cells, is found overlying the pulmonary artery (PA). The other population, not associated with the PA, contains nonciliated cuboidal cells between alveolar outpockets. In this study we used terminal conducting airways from the lungs of fetal (90 to 155 days gestational age [DGA]), postnatal, and adult rhesus monkeys. Ciliated cells were partially differentiated at 90 DGA (54% gestation) and completely differentiated by 134 DGA (80% gestation). Nonciliated secretory cells were partially differentiated at 95 DGA (57% gestation) but did not lose all glycogen until the postnatal period. Basal cells appeared by 134 DGA (80% gestation) and matured in the postnatal period. Small mucous granule cells appeared at 125 DGA (74% gestation) and did not change throughout fetal development. Neuroendocrine cells were present throughout the entire period studied. Nonciliated cuboidal bronchiolar cells of the nonciliated population of the respiratory bronchiole appeared at 105 DGA (62% gestation) and matured in the postnatal period. We conclude that 1) although most of the differentiation of the lower airway occurs before birth, most of the cell types are not completely differentiated at birth; 2) the sequence of differentiation for the cells of the ciliated pseudostratified epithelial population is ciliated, nonciliated secretory, and basal; 3) the sequence of differentiation for the nonciliated secretory cell is similar to that of the secretory cells in more proximal airways; and 4) basal, neuroendocrine, and small mucous granule cells are not a part of the differentiation sequence of the other cell types.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092250406
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracheobronchial epithelium of the sheep: II. Ultrastructural and morphometric analysis of the epithelial secretory cell types (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 209 (1984), S. 523-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In a light microscopic study we have described the morphology and distribution of six distinct, granule-containing cells in the tracheobronchial epithelium of sheep lung. We designed the present study to determine qualitatively and quantitatively whether these six cell types differ in ultrastructural morphology. Cell height varied from 30.6 μm for mucous cell M1 to 9.6 μm for Clara cells. Cell width varied from 21.2 μm for M1 to 9.3 μm for Clara cells. Nuclear dimensions ranged from 7.5 μm in M3 to 4.0 μm in M1 and M2. Mucous cell M1 had electron-dense granules (1.5 μm in diameter); M2, electron-lucent granules (1.6 μm); M3, nucleated electron-lucent granules (0.51 μm); M4, cored granules (1.1 μm); serous (SC) and Clara cells (CC), electronopaque granules (0.58 μm and 0.37 μm). The volume fraction of the cell occupied by granules was 63% in M1 and M2, M4 39%, SC 23%, CC 5%, and M3 4.5%. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum was observed only in M3 (33.8%) and CC (49%). Granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) was most abundant in SC (21%) and least plentiful in M4 (2.2%). We conclude that mucous cells M3 and M4 and serous and Clara cells differ from each other and from M1 and M2 cells. Mucous cells M1 and M2 differ from each other only in amount of GER and secretory granule appearance.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092090412
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracheobronchial epithelium of the sheep: IV. Lectin histochemical characterization of secretory epithelial cells (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 222 (1988), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conventional histochemical characterization of the mucus secretory apparatus is often difficult to reconcile with the biochemical analysis of respiratory secretions. This study was designed to examine the secretory glycoconjugates in airways using lectins with biochemically defined affinities for main sugar residues of mucus. We used five biotinylated lectins - DBA (Dolichos biflorus) and SBA (Glycine max) for N-acetyl galactosamine (gaINAc), BSAI (Bandeiraea simplicifolia) and PNA (Arachis hypogea) for galactose (gal), UEA I (Ulex europeus) - for detection of fucose (fuc) in HgCl2 -fixed, paraffin-embedded, serially sectioned trachea, lobar and segmental bronchi and bronchioles of nine sheep. Lectins selectively localized the carbohydrate residues in lumminal secretions, on epithelial cell surfaces, and in secretory cells. Inp proximal airways, the major carbohydrate residues in luminal secretions, cell surfaces, goblet cells, and glands were fuc and gal-NAc. PNA reacted mainly with apical granules of 〈 10% of goblet cells, and gal residues were only detected in some of the mucous cells and on basolateral cell surfaces. Distal airways contained sparse secretion in the lumen, mucous cells containde weakly reactive fuc and gal-NAc, and the epithelial surfaces of Clara cells contained gal. Sugars abundant in the airway secretions were also the major component of cells in glands. We conclude that there is a correlation between specific sugar residues in secretory cells, glycocalyx, and luminal secretions in proximal and distal airways. This suggests that lectins may be used to obtain information about airway secretory cell composition from respiratory secretions.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092220109
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracheobronchial epithelium of the sheep: III. Carbohydrate histochemical and cytochemical characterization of secretory epithelial cells (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 221 (1988), S. 540-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We examined histochemically (light microscopy-LM) and cytochemically (electron microscopy-EM) the secretory epithelial cells in the tracheobronchial mucosa of sheep. Six morphologically distinct, granule-containing cells have been described, on the basis of their morphology and airway distribution: four mucous (M1-M4), serous (SC), and Clara (CC). Stereological and morphometric data indicated that M3, M4, SC, and CC were distinctly different from each other and from M1 and M2 cells. Mucous cells M1 and M2 differed in granule morphology. Samples of tracheas, sixth-generation bronchi, distal bronchi, and terminal bronchioles of 18 adult sheep were examined. At the LM level, methacrylate sections were reacted with an alcian blue (pH 2.5), periodic acid Schiff (PAS) sequence to differentiate neutral from acidic glycoconjugates (GC), and a high-iron diamine (HID), alcian blue sequence to differentiate sulfated from nonsulfated (sialated) GC. At the EM level the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide localized hexose-rich, neutral GC. Dialyzed iron (DI) and high-iron diamine localized carboxylated and sulfated GC, respectively. Granules of all but Clara cells were PAS-positive. All mucous cells contained acidic groups, but only M1 and M4 cells had LM-detectable sulfated GC. At the ultrastructural level, minimal but discernible HID and LID reaction product was observed on granule profiles of M2, M3, and SC, indicating acidic and sulfated GC not detected at the LM level. Histochemically, the sheep tracheobronchial epithelium was more similar to that of humans than some other examined mammalian species.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092210110
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphogenetic and functional activity of type II cells in early fetal rhesus monkey lungs (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 234 (1992), S. 93-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To evaluate further the role of type II alveolar epithelial cells in primate lung development, lungs of fetal (46 to 155 days gestational age [DGA]), postnatal, and adult rhesus monkeys were investigated with antibodies against surfactant protein A (SP-A), Alcian blue (AB) staining, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining with/without alpha-amylase pre-treatment.In adult and postnatal lungs, type II cells (cuboid shape; large, roundish nucleus) displayed a unique cytoplasmic staining for SP-A. In prenatal lungs, a low-columnar to cuboid type of cell with a large, roundish nucleus was first detectable by 62 DGA. It was the only cell type to line the distalmost tubules or buds of the prospective respiratory tract. It exhibited (initially partial) cytoplasmic staining for SP-A. AB and PAS stainings showed the presence of acid glycoconjugates and large apical and/or basal glycogen fields. After 95 DGA, the lining of the distal respiratory tract additionally displayed flatter cells with immunoreactivity for SP-A and non-reactive zones. Columnar epithelium (pseudostratified or simple) never stained for SP-A.We conclude that morphologically identifiable type II cells first appear in fetal rhesus monkey lungs by 62 DGA (pseudoglandular period). The cells may already synthesize surfactant and extracellular matrix components. They generate type I cells, and thus the entire pulmonary acinus lining. These conclusions for the rhesus monkey fully agree with our earlier conclusions for another primate, the human, and for rodents. However, as presently shown, primates differ greatly from rodents with respect to the timing of type II cell differentiation (at 29-38% versus 73-75% of gestation or at 22-25% versus 48-49% of prenatal lung development). © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092340111
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