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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 24 (1998), S. 277-278 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 808-811 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Pulse oximetry ; Movement artifact ; Sleep studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Movement artifact (MA) must be detected when analysing recordings of pulse oximeter saturation (SpO2). Visual analysis of individual pulse waveforms is the safest, but also the most tedious, method for this purpose. We wanted to test the reliability of a computer algorithm (Edentec Motion Annotation System), based on a comparison between pulse and heart rate, for MA detection. Ten 12-h recordings of SpO2, pulse waveforms and heart rate from ten preterm infants were analysed for the presence of MA on the pulse waveform signal. These data were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the computer algorithm, and of the oximeter itself, in detecting MA. Recordings were divided into segments of 2.5 s duration to compare the movement identification methods. Of the segments 31% ± 6% (mean ± SD) contained MA. The computer algorithm identified 95% ± 3% of these segments, the pulse oximeter only 18% ± 11%. Specificity was 85% ± 4% and 99% ± 0%, respectively. SpO2 was ≤80% in 3% ± 1% of segments. 88% ± 7% of the pulse waveform signal showed MA during this time, leaving a significant potential for erroneous identification of hypoxaemia. Recordings of SpO2 do not allow a reliable identification of MA. Conclusion Without additional information about movement artifact, a significant proportion of recording time of pulse oximeter signal may be regarded as demonstrating hypoxaemia which, in fact, simply reflects poor measurement conditions. The computer algorithm used in this study identified periods of movement artifact reliably.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 165-167 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 219-223 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Pulse oximetry ; Infants ; Hypoxaemia ; Oxygen saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our objective was to determine arterial oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) in healthy term neonates during their first 4 weeks of life. Overnight recordings of SpO2 (Nellcor N200), photoplethysmographic (pulse) wave-forms from the oximeter and breathing movements were performed in 60 term infants. They were studied initially during their 1st week of life (median age 4 days, range 1–7) and then again during their 2nd–4th week (median age 17 days, range 8–27). Median baseline SpO2, measured during regular breathing, was 97.6% (range 92–100) during week 1 versus 98.0% (86.6–100) during week 2–4 (P〉0.05). Episodes of desaturation, defined as a fall in SpO2 to ≤80% for ≥4 s, were found in 35% of recordings obtained in week 1 compared to 60% of those obtained in week 2–4 (P〈0.01). Their frequency increased from a median of 0 (0–41) per 12 h of recording at the initial recording to 1 (0–165) at follow up (P〈0.01). Analysis of the data by week of life showed a peak in desaturation frequency in the 2nd week of life. The infants with extreme values at follow-up (e.g. a baseline SpO2 of 86.6%, 5th percentile 91.9%, or a desaturation frequency of 165 per 12 h of recording, 95th percentile 32) had had values well within the normal range during their initial recording (a baseline SpO2 of 94.4%, or a desaturation frequency of 4). Most of the desaturations in the infants with extreme values were associated with periodic apnoea. These results demonstrate only relatively minor developmental changes in oxygenation in term neonates during the first 4 weeks of life. The clinical significance of outlying values, i.e. a low baseline SpO2 or a high number of episodic desaturations, remains to be determined. Conclusion These healthy term neonates had values for baseline oxygen saturation and desaturation frequency that were not substantially different from those observed in older infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 311-316 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Keywords Anaemia  ;  Apnoea of prematurity  ;  Blood transfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of blood transfusion on the frequency of apnoea, bradycardia and hypoxaemia in 21 spontaneously breathing preterm infants with a median gestational age at birth of 28 (range 23–31) weeks. Age at time of study was 22 days (3–84), weight 925 g (640–2120). The patients exhibited frequent episodes of bradycardia and/or hypoxaemia and were anaemic (median haemoglobin level 109 (82–120) g/l). One infant received two transfusions and was thus studied twice. Four-hour recordings of pulse oximeter saturation (SpO2), pulse waveforms, transcutaneous oxygen pressure, electrocardiogram, breathing movements and nasal airflow were performed immediately before and after transfusion, and again after a further interval of 12 h. Recordings were analysed for isolated and periodic apnoeas (〉 4 s), bradycardias (heart rate 〈 2/3 of baseline), and episodic desaturation (SpO2≤ 80%). There were no significant changes in the frequency, severity and/or duration of apnoea, bradycardia or desaturation following transfusion. The average SpO2 nadir reached during each desaturation, however, increased by 3% following transfusion (P 〈 0.05), and there was a trend towards shorter desaturations. Conclusion The occurrence of frequent episodes of apnoea, bradycardia and/or hypoxaemia does not, on its own, justify a blood transfusion in moderately anaemic preterm infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Necrotising enterocolitis Pathogens ; Temporal distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Outbreaks of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) have often been related to specific pathogens such as Enterobacteriaceae. This relationship, however, remains uncertain because of the retrospective nature of the studies addressing this issue. We performed a prospective study to investigate whether there is indeed an association between NEC and specific pathogens. Between April 1993 and March 1997, stools of neonates of 〈36 weeks admitted to our neonatal unit were investigated for bacteria in weekly intervals. Clinical and bacteriological data from each infant who developed NEC were compared with those from two control infants matched for gestational age and date of admission. Eighteen infants developed 19 episodes of NEC (clinical signs + air in portal vein); 8 of these had laparotomy; two died. Occurences of NEC were homogeneously distributed over the 4- year study period. The only significant differences in the clinical course prior to NEC were a more severe stage of respiratory distress syndrome [median 2 (0–4) vs. 0 (0–3), P 〈 0.05] and a higher proportion of infants who had only been formula fed (63 vs. 32%, P 〈 0.05) in the cases. Within the last week prior to NEC, potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified in stools of all cases and 79% of controls (P 〈 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of specific pathogens or groups of pathogens in cases compared with controls. Conclusion Although gut colonisation with potential pathogens appeared to be a prerequisite for the development of NEC, there were no specific bacteria associated with this disease if data from infants with NEC were compared with those from time- and gestational age-matched controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Smoking ; Sudden ; infant death syndrome ; Anaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Maternal smoking has long been identified as a risk factor for sudden infant death (SID). However, only few studies analysed the biological plausibility of the relationship between maternal smoking and SID. In Lower Saxony (North Germany), detailed information concerning the perinatal period is routinely obtained for almost all infants born in this region. The perinatal data sets from 190 SID cases who had died between 1986 and 1990 and in whom a full autopsy had been performed were identified and compared to data sets from 5920 random controls, frequency matched to cases on year of birth. After adjusting for potential confounders (socio-economic status, birth weight, maternal age and nationality), smoking during pregnancy was still associated with a significantly increased risk of SID (odds ratio (OR) 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–4.5). There was a clear dose-effect relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked and the risk of SID: adjusted ORs were 2.6 (1.5–4.4) for 1–10 cigarettes/day, 2.8 (1.8–6.0) for 11–20 cigarettes/day, and 6.9 (1.9–25.5) for 〉20 cigarettes/day. There also appeared to be an interaction between smoking during pregnancy and maternal anaemia: the risk of SID almost doubled if mothers not only smoked, but were also anaemic (haemoglobin 〈100 g/l). These results support the concept that smoking during pregnancy has direct biological effects on the fetus which are associated with an increased risk of SID later in life. The exact mechanism(s) whereby smoking increases the risk of SID, however, remains to be determined. The detrimental effects of smoking on SID should be strongly addressed in any national or local campaign aiming to reduce the incidence of SID in a community. Conclusion Maternal smoking during pregnancy is an important modifiable risk factor for SID.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 156 (1997), S. 465-470 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Retinopathy of prematurity  ;  Iron overload  ;  Oxygen radicals  ;  Transfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To study the relationship between blood transfusion, iron load and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), we performed a prospective observational cohort study in a level III neonatal intensive care unit. During a 24-month period, data on the volume of blood transfused during the first 6 weeks of life and on the incidence of ROP were collected in all surviving very low birth weight infants (n = 114 median birth weight␣1130␣g, range 520–1500 g). Associations between these data and values for serum iron, transferrin and ferritin measured at weekly intervals were analysed in a nested case-control design by logistic regression. There was a significant association between the volume of blood transfused and the incidence of ROP. After adjustment for gestational age at birth, duration of oxygen therapy FiO2〉 0.3) and duration of mechanical ventilation, the relative risk of developing ROP was 6.4 (95% CI 1.2–33.4) for infants who had received 16–45 ml/kg, and 12.3 (1.6–92.5) for those who had received more than 45 ml/kg of blood (reference, 0–15 ml/kg). In contrast, there was no independent relationship between ROP and any of the parameters on iron metabolism analysed. Conclusion This study confirms the role of blood transfusions as an independent risk factor for ROP. This relationship, however, does not appear to be mediated via an increased iron load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Lung function ; Conductive airways ; Sudden infant death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A reduction in specific airway conductance has been reported in infants with a history of an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE). It is unclear, however, whether this reflects upper or lower airway narrowing. We performed a controlled study to determine small airway patency in infants with ALTE. Lung function tests were performed in 26 infants with a history of ALTE and 27 healthy controls. Partial expiratory flow-volume curves were obtained during quiet sleep using the rapid chest compression technique; thoracic gas volume (TGV) and expiratory airway resistance (RAW) were measured by whole body plethysmography. Compliance of the respiratory system (Crs) was measured using the single breath occlusion technique. The median maximal flow at functional residual capacity (V˙maxFRC) was 85 ml/s (range 10–198 ml/s) in patients and 123 (range 47–316 ml/s) in controls (P = 0.003). V˙maxFRC corrected for TGV was 0.5 s−1 (range 0.06–1.3 s−1) and 0.9 s−1 (range 0.4–1.8 s−1), respectively (P = 0.001). TGV, RAW and Crs were not significantly different between patients and controls. Conclusion Reduced small airway patency may play a role in the pathogenesis of ALTE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 144 (1996), S. 1214-1217 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kongenitale Alveolarproteinose ; Surfactantprotein B ; Gendiagnostik ; Key words Congenital alveolar proteinosis ; Surfactant protein B deficiency ; Genetic diagnostics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A term female neonate born to healthy, unrelated parents developed signs of respiratory distress shortly after birth, requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation with high inspiratory oxygen concentrations. The chest X-ray showed diffuse reticular opacities with predominance in the more central areas. Neither exogenous surfactant therapy or systemic steroids had any effect. An open lung biopsy suggested alveolar proteinosis. Surfactant analyses in broncho-alveolar lavage and genetic investigations in the patient and her parents helped to establish the diagnosis of congenital surfactant protein B deficiency. The patient died of respiratory failure at 8 weeks of age. In congenital surfactant protein B deficiency, mutations in the SFTP3-gene on chromosome 2 (which encodes SP-B) result in a disturbance in both surfactant homeostasis and -function which is not amenable to therapy. In families where such mutations are known, e. g. the 121ins2 mutation, the diagnosis can already be established antenatally.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir berichten über ein reifes weibliches Neugeborenes mit unauffälliger Familienanamnese, das wenige Stunden postpartal mit einer Tachydyspnoe und zunehmender Zyanose auffällig wurde, so daß Intubation und maschinelle Beatmung mit hohen Sauerstoffkonzentrationen erforderlich wurden. Radiologisch zeigte sich eine zentralbetonte, diffus vermehrte retikuläre Zeichnung beider Lungen. Weder die Gabe von exogenem Surfactant noch eine systemische Steroidtherapie brachten eine Verbesserung der respiratorischen Situation. Eine Lungenbiopsie ergab den Verdacht auf das Vorliegen einer Alveolarproteinose. Mittels Surfactantanalysen in der Bronchiallavage und genetischer Untersuchungen des Kindes und seiner Eltern konnte die Diagnose einer durch einen kongenitalen Surfactant-Protein-B-Mangel bedingten Alveolarproteinose gesichert werden. Das Kind verstarb im Alter von 8 Wochen an seiner respiratorischen Insuffizienz. Beim angeborenen Surfactant-Protein-B-Mangel kommt es aufgrund von Mutationen im für die Kodierung dieses Proteins verantwortlichen SFTP3-Gen auf dem Chromosom 2 zu einer therapierefraktären Störung der Surfactantfunktion und -homöostase. Ist die verantwortliche Mutation bekannt, wie z. B. bei der 121ins2-Mutation, die bei unserer Patientin vorlag, so kann bei weiteren Schwangerschaften die Diagnose dieser autosomal-rezessiv vererbten Erkrankung bereits pränatal erfolgen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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