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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in Aldose Reductase After Crush Injury of Normal Rat Sciatic Nerve (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 58 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The response of aldose reductase (AR) to crush injury was studied in normal rat sciatic nerve. Enzyme activity and immunoreactivity of AR were determined at intervals of 1, 5, 14, 28, and 35 days after crush and correlated with histologic and immunocytochemical observations. During nerve degeneration in the distal segments of crushed nerves, a significant reduction in AR activity was detected. At 5 and 14 days, coincident with Schwann cell proliferation, enzyme activity decreased by nearly two- and fourfold, respectively. Although activity of AR increased by 28 days during nerve regeneration, it was not restored to normal levels at 35 days. Similar reductions were observed with the immunoblotting of the enzyme. Quantitative analysis of immunogold labelling on electron micrographs confirmed that proliferating as well as remyelinating Schwann cells contained reduced gold particle density compared to Schwann cells of noncrushed myelinated fibers. Immunoblots of P0, a marker for the degree of Schwann cell differentiation or myelination, showed that the temporal sequence of changes in P0 paralleled that of AR. Thus expression of AR is a function of differentiated or mature Schwann cells. The putative volume regulatory role of AR in Schwann cells may become superfluous during Wallerian degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10966.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spinal p38β isoform mediates tissue injury-induced hyperalgesia and spinal sensitization (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 92 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Antagonist studies show that spinal p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase plays a crucial role in spinal sensitization. However, there are two p38 isoforms found in spinal cord and the relative contribution of these two to hyperalgesia is not known. Here we demonstrate that the isoforms are distinctly expressed in spinal dorsal horn: p38α in neurons and p38β in microglia. In lieu of isoform selective inhibitors, we examined the functional role of these two individual isoforms in nociception by using intrathecal isoform-specific antisense oligonucleotides to selectively block the expression of the respective isoform. In these rats, down-regulation of spinal p38β, but not p38α, prevented nocifensive flinching evoked by intraplantar injection of formalin and hyperalgesia induced by activation of spinal neurokinin-1 receptors through intrathecal injection of substance P. Both intraplantar formalin and intrathecal substance P produced an increase in spinal p38 phosphorylation and this phosphorylation (activation) was prevented when spinal p38β, but not p38α, was down-regulated. Thus, spinal p38β, probably in microglia, plays a significant role in spinal nociceptive processing and represents a potential target for pain therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02996.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Schwann cell changes induced as early as one week after galactose intoxication (1997)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 93 (1997), S. 611-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Aldose reductase ; Experimental diabetic ; neuropathy ; Polyol pathway ; Schwann cells ; Ultrastructural pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In galactose neuropathy, aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI)-preventable Schwann cell injury has been reported in studies in which galactose feeding continued over a period of months. Given the link between these morphologic changes and polyol pathway flux, polyol accumulation after just days of galactose feeding points to the possibility that structural changes occur much earlier than previously reported. The aim of this study was to examine rat sciatic nerve after 7 days of galactose feeding for evidence of myelinated fiber injury and establish whether it is related to polyol accumulation. Compared to control or ARI-treated galactose-fed rats, nerves from untreated galactose-fed rats had increased water (P 〈 0.05) and dulcitol (P 〈 0.008) content and decreased amounts of myo-inositol (P 〈 0.01). Electron microscopy revealed reactive Schwann cell changes in myelinated fibers characterized by increased cytoplasmic volume, and the occurrence of lipid droplets, π granules of Reich and enlarged mitochondria. Dystrophic accumulation of intermediate filaments was also observed in the inner glial loop. Degenerative changes included periaxonal swelling, enlarged mitochondria without recognizable cristae, lysis of Schwann cell cytoplasm and demyelination. Reactive (P 〈 0.05) and degenerative (P 〈 0.01) changes as well as the number of redundant basal lamina profiles (P 〈 0.05) were significantly more frequent in untreated galactose-fed rats compared to controls. ARI treatment attenuated these changes. Consistent with the initial stages of onion-bulb formation, profiles with imbricate Schwann cells were also seen only in untreated galactose-fed rats. The findings suggest that short-term increases in polyol pathway activity can have deleterious effects on Schwann cells of myelinated fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050659
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunotactoid-like endoneurial deposits in a patient with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and neuropathy (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 212-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334893
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactive, degenerative, and proliferative Schwann cell responses in experimental galactose and human diabetic neuropathy (1997)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 95 (1997), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Schwann cell ; Diabetic neuropathy ; Human ; Animal model ; Galactose ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Despite early descriptions of hypertrophic Schwann cells and onion-bulb formation in patients with diabetic neuropathy, clinical and experimental studies have emphasized axonal pathology. In recent years, the Schwann cell has been further implicated in diabetic neuropathy because it is the primary intrafascicular location for the first enzyme of the polyol pathway, aldose reductase, which appears to have a role in modulating a variety of complications of diabetes, including diabetic neuropathy. To further explore the role of polyol pathway flux in the pathogenesis of Schwann cell injury, ultrastructural abnormalities of Schwann cells in human diabetic neuropathy (HDN) were compared with those in experimental galactose neuropathy (EGN), a well-characterized model of hyperglycemia without hypoinsulinemia. Similar to previous studies of EGN, reactive, degenerative and proliferative changes of Schwann cells were observed after 2, 4 and 24 months of galactose intoxication. Reactive changes included accumulation of lipid droplets, π granules of Reich and glycogen granules, increased numbers of subplasmalemmal vesicles, cytoplasmic expansion, and capping. Degenerative changes included enlargement of mitochondria and effacement of cristae, and disintegration of both abaxonal and adaxonal cytosol and organelles. Both demyelination and onion-bulb formation were seen at all time points, although supernumerary Schwann cells and axonal degeneration were most numerous after 24 months of galactose feeding. In sural nerve biopsy samples from patients with diabetes and progressive worsening of neuropathy, ultrastructural abnormalities in Schwann cells encompassed the full range of reactive, degenerative and proliferative changes described in galactose-fed rats. The concordance of fine-structural observations in nerves from galactose-fed rats and these adult-onset diabetic patients emphasizes the role of flux through aldose reductase in the complex pathology of diabetic neuropathy and points to the utility of galactose intoxication in helping to understand this metabolic disorder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050764
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myelin splitting, Schwann cell injury and demyelination in feline diabetic neuropathy (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 95 (1998), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cats ; Insulin-dependent diabetes ; Primary demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nerve biopsy samples from two cats with spontaneously occurring diabetes were examined. The predominant nerve fiber abnormalities observed were restricted to the myelin sheath and Schwann cell. Reactive, degenerative and proliferative Schwann cell changes were evident but the most striking abnormality encountered was splitting and ballooning of the myelin sheath. These observations highlight the significance of Schwann cell injury in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050783
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meningoencephalitis with toroidal virus-like particles (1975)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Intracisternal Virus ; Helper Virus ; Virus Persistence ; Electron Microscopy ; Tubuloreticular Structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A previously healthy middle aged man died following a 6 month illness which presented with middle ear symptoms, apparently resolved, and then 2 months later manifested as encephalitis. The illness was characterized initially by depression and intellectual deterioration. No family member or working associate was affected. The clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis was confirmed by brain biopsy but no virus was isolated in the laboratory. Numerous intracisternal toroidal virus-like particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the perikarya and dendrites but not in glia. The particles resemble, but are not identical to, the oncornaviruses associated with spontaneous and induced murine neoplasms. The resemblance of these structures to the intracisternal toroidal type “A” virus of murine leukemia is noted and other possible causes for this atypical meningoencephalitis are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687922
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 233 (1986), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Guillain-Barré syndrome ; Autoimmune disease ; Hashimoto's thyroiditis ; Ascending paralysis ; Peripheral neuritis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 73-year-old patient developed tetraplegia, cranial neuropathies and autonomic instability and died of clinical complications of Guillain-Barré syndrome. He was incidentally found to have subclinical Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The literature since 1966 is reviewed for the association of Guillain-Barré syndrome with throiditis, other endocrine abnormalities, and some diseases thought to be caused by autoimmune mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314026
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and morphometric analysis of long-term peripheral nerve regeneration through silicone tubes (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 17 (1988), S. 161-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopy were used to investigate long-term regeneration in peripheral nerves regenerating across a 10 mm gap through silicone tubes. Schwann cells and axons co-migrated behind an advancing front of fibroblasts, bridging the 10 mm gap between 28 and 35 days following nerve transection. Myelination of regenerated fibres started between 14 and 21 days after transection and occurred in a manner similar to that reported during development. Although these early events were successful in producing morphologically normal-appearing regenerated fibres, complete maturation of many of these fibres was never achieved. Axonal distortion by neurofilaments, axonal degeneration and secondary demyelination were seen at 56 days following nerve transection. These changes progressed in severity with time as more axons advanced through the distal stump towards their peripheral target. Since regeneration occurs in the absence of endoneurial tubes, and because constrictive forces act on the nerve during regeneration, we suggest that these extrinsic factors limit the successful advancement of axons through the distal stump to their target organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01674203
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