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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Interleukin-2 ; T-helper-lymphocytes ; Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ; T-T-cell-interactions ; Interleukin-2 ; T-Helfer-Lymphozyten zytotoxische T-Lymphozyten ; T-T-Zell-Interaktionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Artikel stellt eine Übersicht dar Über die derzeitigen Vorstellungen des Zusammenwirkens zellulärer und humoraler Faktoren, die zu T-Zell-vermittelten zytotoxischen Immunreaktionen führen. Da im Ablauf derartiger Immunreaktionen hormonähnliche Wachstumsfaktoren (interleukine) eine entscheidende Rolle spielen, liegt der Schwerpunkt der Diskussion auf der Beschreibung dieser Mediatoren; insbesondere wird die Bedeutung von Interleukin-2 (Il-2) diskutiert. Il-2 ist ein lösliches, nicht antigenspezifisches Glykoprotein mit einem Molekulargewicht von 15 000 Dalton (humanes Il-2) bzw. 30 000 Dalton (murines Il-2). Es wird in vitro von T-Helfer-Lymphozyten sezerniert, die in der Maus den Lyt 1 Oberflächen-Phänotyp aufweisen und beim Menschen OKT4-positiv sind. Die Aktivierung der T-Helfer-Lymphozyten zur Il-2-Produktion erfordert zwei Kommunikationssignale, die durch Antigen-präsentierende Zellen (Makrophagen) bereitgestellt werden: Signal 1 ist das durch Makrophagen präsentierte Antigen; Signal 2 stellt das lösliche Makrophagen-Produkt Interleukin-1 (Il-1) dar. Dic biologische Wirkung von Il-2 besteht in der Antigen-unabhängigen klonalen Expansion all jener T-Zellen, die einen Rezeptor für Il-2 besitzen. Solche Zellen sind vor allem die Vorläuferzellen von zytotoxischen T-Lymphozyten (ZTL-V), die in der Maus den Lyt 123*-und beim Menschen den OKT8-positiven Oberflächen-Phänotyp aufweisen. „Ruhende“, naive T-Zellen exprimieren keinen Rezeptor für Il-2. Erst nach Antigen-Bindung (Rezeptor-Antigen Interaktion) entwickeln T-Zellen einen Il-2-Rezeptor; sie sind nun empfindlich für das durch Interleukin-2 vermittelte Mitogen-Signal. Die danach einsetzende Proliferation der „aktivierten“ T-Zell-Klone ist nur noch abhängig von der Bioverfügbarkeit von Il-2. Die derzeitigen Kenntnisse über die Eigenschaften von Il-2 und die experimentelle Manipulation der Il-2-Produktion durch T-Helfer-Zellen bzw. der Il-2-Empfindlichkeit versprechen neue Ansätze bei der Diagnostik und möglicherweise bei der Therapie von Immundefekten, die in vivo sowohl durch einen Mangel als auch durch einen Überschuß an Il-2 verursacht sein können.
    Notes: Summary This review describes our present information on the interactions of cellular and humoral components involved in the induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Since soluble, hormone-like growth factors (interleukins) are intimately involved in such reactions, the discussion will focus on the role of such mediators, in particular on the functional role of Interleukin-2 (1–2). Il-2 is a soluble, non-antigen-specific glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 15,000 daltons (human Il-2) or 30,000 daltons (murine Il-2). Il-2 is derived from T-helper-lymphocytes, that bear in the mouse the Lyt 1-cell surface marker and in the human the OKT4 phenotype. In order to produce Il-2, T-helperlymphocytes require two distinct signals that are delivered by antigen-presenting cells (macrophages): Signal 1 is the antigen as presented by macrophages, signal 2 represents the soluble macrophage product, Interleukin-1 (Il-1). Il-2 in turn controls the antigen-independent clonal expansion of all T cells that bear receptors for Il-2. The most prominent target cells for Il-2 are the CTL precursors, known to be in the mouse Lyt 123*-positive or OKT8-positive in humans. “Resting”, naive T cells do not express Il-2-receptors. However, following antigen binding of antigen (antigen-receptor interaction), the respective clones will express the Il-2 receptor. Il-2 driven proliferation of the “activated” clones is completely dependent on the bio-availability of Il-2. Our present knowledge on the function of Il-2, and the possibilities to manipulate experimentally either the Il-2 production by T helper cells, or the Il-2 responsiveness of CTL-precursors, point to new strategies both in diagnostic and in therapy of immune defects that can be the result, in vivo, of either a lack or a surplus of Il-2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plasmid-positive Yersinia bacteria of different species and different serotypes were analysed with respect to the immunological relationship of two of their plasmid-encoded outer membrane proteins (OMPs) by the immunoblot technique using three monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which were induced against OMPs of Yersinia enterocolitica sero type O:9 bacteria. Evidence is presented that these OMPs display discrete epitopes, which are common to all plasmid-positive Yersinia strains tested, with only one exception, indicating a close structural relationship of the OMPs analysed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 2 (1975), S. 257-268 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Because surface Ig and Ia antigens cap independently, A.TH anti-A.TL serum combined with the indirect immunfluorescence technique could be used to test defined murine cell populations ofH-2 k haplotype for the presence of Ia antigens. Mitogen induced T- and B-cell derived blast cells, purified by velocity sedimentation at 1g, were tested for the expression of Iak antigens and then used both as stimulator cells and as target cells, in primary and secondary in vitro cytotoxic allograft responses. Fibroblasts, cortisone-resistant thymocytes, and nylon column purified splenic T cells were also included in these tests. Ia antigens were detected on 100% of LPS-induced blast cells, on 20%–30% of ConA-induced blast cells (100%Θ Thy-1 or antigen positive), but only to 5%–10% on PHA-blasts (100% Thy-1 antigen positive). Fibroblasts and nylon column purified splenic T cells were essentially Ia negative. Ia-positive allogeneic stimulator cells induced a far stronger in vitro cytotoxic T-cell response compared to Ia-negative stimulator cells; that is, there was a positive correlation between the expression of Ia antigens on the stimulator cells and the magnitude of cytotoxicity induced. This correlation was restricted to primary allograft responses. Ia antigens could not be detected as a target for killing in the cytotoxic effector phase, using both different target cells as well as the approach of “PHA dependent lysis” for detecting cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Herpes-simplex-virus (HSV) specific, H-2k-restricted, immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes also lyse noninfected H-2d target cells. Genetic mapping studies revealed that HSV-specific Dk-restricted CTL cross-react with allogeneic targets expressing Dd alloantigens. Cold target inhibition experiments indicate that only a minority of HSV-specific CTL mediate cross-reactive cytolysis. The data give an example of where the phenomenon of H-2-restricted versus nonrestricted responsiveness is not due to distinct subsets of T cells but solely depends on the antigenic determinants recognized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated in the course of an HSV-infection of CBA (H-2 k ) mice not only lyse syngeneic, virus-infected target cells but also cross-react with noninfected target cells expressing the Dd alloantigen. On the effector cell level, this alloreactivity is mediated by virus-specific CTL's that are restricted to H-2Dk determinants. On the prekiller cell level, the anti-HSV-reactive T cells exhibiting cross-reactivity for Dd alloantigen could be positively selected on H-2d spleen-cell monolayers. After differentiation into cytolytic effector cells, target cells expressing Dd alloantigens and syngeneic HSV-infected target were lysed with equal efficiency. The results imply that the phenomenon of H-2-restricted versus nonrestricted T-cell reactivity is not due to distinct T-cell subsets, but rather is dependent on the antigeneic determinants recognized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Immunological reviews 173 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The temporal and spatial expression of stage-specific genes during morphological development of fungi and higher eukaryotes is controlled by transcription factors. In this study, we report the cloning and functional analysis of the Candida albicans TEC1 (CaTEC1) gene, a new member of the TEA/ATTS family of transcription factors that regulates C. albicans virulence. The promoters of the type 4, 5 and 6 proteinase isogenes (SAP4–6) contain repetitive TEA/ATTS consensus sequence motifs. This finding suggests a possible role for a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TEC1 during the activation of proteinase gene expression in C. albicans. CaTEC1 is predominantly expressed in the hyphal form of C. albicans. In vitro, serum-induced hyphal formation as well as evasion from MΦ after phagocytosis is suppressed in catec1/catec1 mutant cells. Furthermore, expression of the proteinase isogenes SAP4–6 is no longer inducible in these mutant cells. The deletion of the CaTEC1 gene attenuates virulence of C. albicans in a systemic model of murine candidiasis, although both mutant and revertant cells that were prepared from infected tissues or the vaginal mucosa grew in a hyphal morphology in vivo. CaTEC1 complements the pseudohyphal and invasive growth defect of haploid and diploid S. cerevisiae tec1/tec1 mutant cells and strongly activates the promoter of FLO11, a gene required for pseudohyphal growth. This study provides the first evidence pointing to an essential role for a member of the TEA/ATTS transcription factor family that had so far only been ascribed to function during development as a virulence regulator in microbial pathogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Based on animal experiments a clinical study with BCG cell wall preparation (CWP) was developed. Patients with head and neck carcinomas stage T1/2N0–2M0 were randomized. One group received surgical treatment only and a second group received preoperative intralesional BCG-CWP. So far 12 patients have been included in each group. After 3 years the CCR (complete cancer remission) in the surgery only group was 39% and that in the preoperative BCG-CWP group, 69% (P=11%). The cumulative proportion of surviving patients was 50% in the surgery only and 73% in the BCG-CWP group (P=21%). BCG-CWP injection was followed by an increase in body temperature and a decrease in peripheral blood lymphocytes. No changes in liver, kidney, or other organ function could be observed after BCG-CWP therapy. Complications and severe secondary effects such as have been described for living BCG were not observed, and significant immunological changes have not been detected so far.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Th tissue culture system for the induction of alloreactive, trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific and Sendai virus-specific CTL as well as the preparation of TNP-conjugated or Sendai virus-infected targets has been described elsewhere6'8. The target cells used in the 3-h 51Cr-assay were in vitro propagated ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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