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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic interaction between m-xylene and ethanol (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 49 (1982), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: m-Xylene ; Ethanol ; Metabolic interaction ; Methylhippuricacid ; 2,4-Xylenol ; Acetaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ingestion of a moderate dose of ethanol (0.8 g/kg) by volunteers prior to 4-h inhalation exposure to m-xylene (6.0 or 11.5 mmol/m3) caused marked alterations in xylene kinetics. After ethanol intake the blood xylene level rose about 1.5–2.0-fold and urinary methylhippuric acid excretion declined by about 50% suggesting that ethanol decreased the metabolic clearance of xylene by about one half during xylene inhalation. This effect was noticeable up until a few hours after completed xylene exposure. Urinary excretion of 2,4-xylenol, the minor m-xylene metabolite, was generally not decreased by ethanol and sometimes the reverse seemed to be the case. The disturbance of xylene kinetics can be hypothesized to be caused mainly by ethanol-mediated inhibition of microsomal metabolism. When four volunteers who ingested ethanol prior to m-xylene inhalation at the higher concentration were monitored for blood acetaldehyde, transiently raised levels were found without notable effects on ethanol elimination. This observation may explain why some individuals experienced dizziness and nausea during the combined ethanol-xylene exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347873
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and effects on cytochrome P450 system of two hexachlorobiphenyl isomers in the rat (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 661-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Polychlorinated biphenyls ; 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-hexachlorobiphenyl ; 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl ; Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes ; Enzyme induction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tissue distribution and effects induced by 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (245-HCB) on cytochrome P450 isozymes were compared with those of 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-hexachlorobiphenyl (236-HCB). Male Wistar rats were given a single intragastric dose (23 mg/kg body wt) of either isomer, and killed after 72 h. At termination the tissue concentrations of 245-HCB were considerably higher than those of 236-HCB, suggesting a more effective metabolism of the latter. The binding affinity of 236-HCB to cytochrome P450 was higher and the magnitude of binding greater than of 245-HCB. 245-HCB-treatment elevated the hepatic concentration of cytochrome P450 and also the activities of 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (50-fold), aniline p-hydroxylase (2-fold) and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (2-fold), a response typical of phenobarbital-type inducers. In the Western immunoblot of liver microsomes from 245-HCB treated rats, an increased amount of P450IIB1/2 was detected by a monoclonal antibody 2-66-3, which specifically detects phenobarbital inducible isoenzymes. The minimum molecular mass of the P450 isozyme induced was 52 kDa. After 236-HCB administration, a weak inducing effect was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098033
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Percutaneous absorption of m-xylene in man (1977)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 39 (1977), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: m-Xylene ; Percutaneous absorption ; Human exposure ; Biological monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Percutaneous absorption of m-xylene was studied in volunteer experiments by means of monitoring xylene concentrations in blood and in exhaled air, and urinary methylhippuric acid excretion. Compared to normal working practices a rather extreme skin exposure, i.e. immersion of both hands in liquid xylene resulted in an estimated absorption of 35 mg xylene in 15 min which equals an estimated pulmonary retention within the same time period at TLV air.level of 100 ppm. The observed absorption rate for m-xylene was approximately 2 μg/cm2/min. The penetration of xylene was fairly rapid, peak concentrations appearing in the draining venous blood 4–6 min after exposure. Further absorption took place for five hours, however, after the termination of exposure and the removal of the contaminant by alcohol and water rinsing. It was found, as expected, that venous blood from a contaminated area exhibits a much higher concentration of the contaminant than mixed venous blood. To exclude this error in biological monitoring of xylene (and other skin penetrating solvents) exposure, exhaled air determinations are recommended. As a sporadic finding in the investigation, a symptom-free subject with previous history of atopic dermatitis developed toxic eczema of the hands after xylene exposure and exhibited a three times greater absorption of the compound than the average for the rest of the group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405662
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary disposition of ethylbenzene and m-xylene in man following separate and combined exposure (1984)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 54 (1984), S. 355-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Human exposure ; Urinary excretion ; Metabolite pattern ; Minor metabolites ; Solvent interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four volunteer subjects were exposed to 150ppm (655 mg/m3) of ethylbenzene and 150ppm (655mg/m3) of m-xylene both separately and in combination. The biotransformation of the solvents was studied on the basis of the metabolites found in the urine. The metabolic conversion of both m-xylene and ethylbenzene proceeded mainly through oxidation of side chains. Ring oxidation seemed to be of minor importance; in the case of ethylbenzene it accounted for 4.0% (combined share of 4-ethylphenol, p- and m-hydroxyacetophenones) and in case of m-xylene for 2.5% (2,4 dimethylphenol), respectively. Mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids amounted to 90% of the ethylbenzene metabolites, whereas m-xylene were excreted to 97% in the form of m-methylhippuric acid. Almost equimolar amounts in the form of metabolites of both solvents were found in the urine during 24h from the onset of exposure. Most of the ethylbenzene metabolites were excreted at substantially slower rates than those of m-xylene. The combined exposure resulted in a mutual inhibition of the metabolism of ethylbenzene and m-xylene, which was demonstrated by delayed excretion and decreased amounts of metabolites excreted. No sign of alteration in the urinary metabolite patterns of either ethylbenzene or m-xylene could be detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378589
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of short-term xylene exposure on psychophysiological functions in Man (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 44 (1979), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Xylene ; Psychophysiological functions ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six male students were exposed to m-xylene at concentrations of 4.1–8.2 μmol/1 (100–200 ppm) in an exposure chamber for several successive days, 6 h a day during two subsequent weeks to assess the effects of xylene on psychophysiological functions such as equilibrium, reaction time and critical flicker fusion. The influence on these functions by different exposure patterns constituting stable (4.1-8.2 μmol/1) and periodically varying m-xylene concentrations (4.1–16.4 μmol/l; 100–400 ppm) in inhaled air was also studied. During the study the subjects acted as their own controls. An inhalation exposure to m-xylene already at a concentration of 4.1 μmo1/1 was observed to have a deleterious acute effect on the equilibrium and the reaction time performance of nonadapted human subjects. Adaptation to the test situation or tolerance seemed to develop against these effects over five subsequent exposure days, but the effects were again discernible in the following week, and were most pronounced when the exposure constituted peak concentrations which exceeded twofold any previous ones. In this study the effect of xylene seemed to be related to the level of xylene in the blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381655
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of short-term m-xylene exposure and physical exercise on the central nervous system (1980)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 45 (1980), S. 105-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: m-Xylene ; Exercise ; Psychophysiological functions ; EEG ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight male volunteers were exposed on 5 consecutive days and 1 day after the weekend to m-xylene vapour at either a constant (Study I) or a periodically varying (Study Il) concentration of 3.7–8.2 μmol/1(90–200 ppm, time-weighted average). The effects of the exposure on psychophysiological functions, such as reaction time, manual coordination and body balance, and EEG were studied. The same tests were completed on 2 non-exposure days for control purposes in both studies, in which physical exercise of 10O W was included. An inhalation exposure to m-xylene already at a concentration of 3.7 μmol/1 (90 ppm) had acute deleterious effects on the above mentioned psychophysiological functions of non-adapted subjects. EEG indicated lowered vigilance during exposure to varying concentrations with peak exposures of 8.2 μmol/l. Slight exercise, especially at the beginning of the exposure, seemed to antagonize the effects of xylene, particularly when the concentration fluctuated. Tolerance against the observed effects developed over one working week, but some effects were again discernible in the following week. A dose-response relationship between blood m-xylene concentrations and the effects of m-xylene was not found. This was probably due to tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01274130
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary 1-naphthol and 1-pyrenol as indicators of exposure to coal tar products (1995)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 67 (1995), S. 211-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Creosote ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Naphthalene ; 1-Naphthol ; 1-Pyrenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chemical exposure of assemblers handling creosote-impregnated wood and of a single worker chiselling coal tar pitch layer was assessed by measuring airborne naphthalene and various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and by measurement of urinary excretion of 1-naphthol and 1-pyrenol. The sum concentration of PAHs and of 4–6 aromatic ring-containing PAHs were high, 440 μg/m3 and 290 μg/m3, respectively, when chiselling. In the assembler's workplace, the PAH concentrations were about 1/50 of this value. Regarding airborne naphthalene concentrations the situation was reversed (assemblers, 1000 μg/m3; chiseller, 160 μg/m3). Correspondingly, the assemblers' urinary 1-napthol concentrations were 15–20 times higher than those of the chiseller. The urinary 1-pyrenol concentration of the chiseller was 2–4 times higher than among the assemblers. As the estimated pyrene inhalation doses among the assemblers could account for only about 2%–25% of the 24-h pyrenol excretion in urine, the skin was presumably the main route of uptake. For an assessment of the exposure to PAHs, air measurements, monitoring of metabolites in urine and preferably also data on the composition of the skin-contaminating product are needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00626355
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity measurements after experimental triethylamine exposures (1999)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 72 (1999), S. M050 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Triethylamine ; Contrast sensitivity ; Visual symptoms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The objective was to define the dose-response for triethylamine (TEA) vapour-induced visual changes. Methods: Four core makers were exposed in a dynamically-controlled whole-body chamber to TEA for 4 h at the concentrations of 40.6, 6.5 and 3.0 mg/m3. Before and after the exposure binocular visual acuity and contrast sensitivity at 2.5% contrast were measured. The visual measurements were carried out with the use of optotype test charts (Precision Vision, Villa Park, Ill. USA). The outcome was determined as a change in the rows of the test chart. Results: Visual acuity decreased in three of the four subjects after 40.6 mg/m3 TEA exposure, and remained at the pre-exposure level after 6.5 and 3.0 mg/m3 exposures. Contrast sensitivity at 2.5% contrast decreased in the same three subjects after 40.6 and 6.5 mg/m3 TEA exposures but remained at the pre-exposure level in all subjects after the TEA exposure of 3.0 mg/m3. Conclusions: TEA exposure over 4 h at the concentration of 3.0 mg/m3 in air caused no changes in contrast sensitivity. A corresponding exposure at the concentration of 6.5 mg/m3 caused deterioration in contrast sensitivity in most subjects. Because the blurring of vision occurs within 4 h after the start of working with TEA the results can probably be applied for the setting of an 8 h occupational exposure limit. Moreover, the results are consistent with the current 4.1 mg/m3 ACGIH TLV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014216
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