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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 2 (1999), S. 492-495 
    ISSN: 1436-0578
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Kindliche Wirbelsäulenverletzungen sind sehr selten. So fanden Henrys et al. bei insgesamt 600 Halswirbelsäulenverletzten 2% Kinder [7]. Bei 260.000 verletzten Kindern bis 10 Jahren entdeckten Jonasch und Bertel 31 Läsionen der HWS [8], dies entspricht 0,01%. Schwarz und Mitarbeiter sahen bei 4,5 Millionen Verletzten jeden Alters im Zeitraum von 1965 bis 1990 nur 30 Kinder mit HWS-Verletzungen [12]. Soweit bei diesen geringen Fallzahlen überhaupt möglich, ergibt sich tendenziell, dass in der Altersklasse unter 10 Jahren Verletzungen der oberen und ab 10 Jahren der unteren Halswirbelsäule dominieren. Frakturen oder Luxationen an Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule sind bei Kindern noch seltener. Typische Unfallmechanismen finden sich im Straßenverkehr, wenn Kinder angefahren werden. Von Bedeutung ist auch das Dezelerationstrauma des angeschnallten Kindes beim Auffahrunfall. Bei Kleinkindern kann es hier infolge des relativ schweren Kopfes bei zierlicher Wirbelsäule und schwach ausgebildeter Muskulatur zu Stauchungs- bzw. Kompressions-Distraktionsmechanismen kommen. Treten bei Auffahrunfällen mit angelegtem Gurt Schädigungen an BWS und LWS auf, so ist immer auf intraabdominelle Verletzungen von Dünndarm und Pankreas zu achten. Weitere Unfallmechanismen sind Sturz aus der Höhe sowie Kopfsprung in seichtes Wasser. Ab einem Lebensalter von zehn Jahren spielen auch Sportverletzungen eine Rolle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European spine journal 3 (1994), S. 276-281 
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Spine injuries ; Thoracolumbar fractures ; Internal fixators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surgical reconstruction and fusion form the treatment of choice for unstable thoracolumbar fractures. It remains difficult, however, to prove that surgical treatment provides an increased potential for neurological recovery. Also, the role of a decompressive laminectomy is still unclear. To address these issues, 93 consecutive cases of thoracolumbar fractures treated with dorsal instrumentation were reviewed. The neurological status at the time of admission and at a mean of 26 months postinjury was graded according to a modified Frankel scale. By using preoperative radiographs and computed tomography scans, we differentiated between fracture-dislocation lesions, dislocation lesions, flexion-distraction lesions, complete and incomplete burst fractures. Spinal stenosis was classified from grade 0 (no stenosis) to grade 3 (〉 66% stenosis). All thoracolumbar fractures were treated with posterior instrumentation, using Dick's fixateur interne and Steffee's VSP plates and screws. During this procedure, laminectomy was performed in 33 patients (35%). In 17 cases (52% of the laminectomies), a surgically treatable lesion (dural tear, trapped nerve root, etc.) was found, especially in patients with a combination of a neurological deficit and a dislocation lesion, a fracture-dislocation lesion or a complete burst fracture with spinal stenosis grade 2 or 3. The neurological and functional outcome was excellent: none of the patients deteriorated, 68% made a complete neurological recovery, and 61% regained their previous level of activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Thoracolumbar fractures ; Internal fixation ; Posterior instrumentation ; Mechanical performance ; Transpedicular bone grafting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A consecutive series of 75 patients with fractures of the thoracolumbar spine, stabilized with the Dick internal fixator, was studied retrospectively. Posttraumatic kyphosis was measured on the preoperative lateral radiograph by the Cobb angle and the wedge angle and the results were compared with angles measured on the radiographs after instrumentation and after removal of the implants. The presence and number of broken Schanz screws was noted. In the whole group, an average correction of kyphosis of 15.5° was obtained, but 7.6° was lost again at follow-up. In comparing the kyphotic angle with the wedge angle, we found that this loss was almost exclusively situated in the upper intervertebral disc space. In the group of patients with transpedicular intravertebral bone grafting, the relative loss of correction in the wedge angle was smaller than in the group without bone grafting, while the relative loss of correction of the kyphotic angle was similar. Schanz screw breakage was present in 13.3% of patients, occurring in 4.6% of inserted screws. In the group of patients with broken Schanz screws, the loss of correction in the wedge angle was somewhat higher, but not markedly different from that of the patient group without breakage of screws. Risk of screw breakage was enhanced by laminectomy and reduced by transpedicular bone grafting. Screw breakage or important loss of correction did not influence the neurological outcome of the patients. The Dick internal fixator is a very reliable implant, even in patients with highly unstable fractures. To minimize the risk of screw breakage, transpedicular bone grafting is recommended; laminectomy, however, should only be done under certain strictly defined conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Callus distraction • External fixator • Reosteosynthesis ; Schlüsselwörter Kallusdistraktion • Segmenttransport • Fixateur externe • Verfahrenswechsel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Vierjahreszeitraum wurde bei 18 Patienten eine Kallusdistraktion mit dem Monofixateur durchgeführt. Es handelte sich in 12 Fällen um eine posttraumatische Defektsituation der unteren Extremität. Der ossäre Defekt war in 11 Fällen an der Tibia lokalisiert und einmal am Femur und war jeweils Folge komplexer Frakturen mit einem IIIb- bis IIIc-gradigen Weichteilschaden. Der zu überbrückende Defekt war im Durchschnitt 6,25 cm lang; 8 Frakturen waren bei Behandlungsbeginn infiziert. Bei 6 Patienten erfolgte eine Kallusdistraktion aufgrund einer Beinverkürzung, 5mal im Bereich des Femurs und einmal an der Tibia. Hier wurde im Durchschnitt eine Verlängerung von 6,5 cm vorgenommen. Während der Distraktion gab es keine auf den Monofixateur oder den Distraktionsapparat zurückzuführende Komplikationen. Die durchschnittliche Liegedauer des Fixateurs lag bei 49 Tagen pro cm Distraktion. An Komplikationen ergaben sich eine sekundäre Achsenfehlstellung in 6 Fällen, Infektprobleme in 4 Fällen, eine Fraktur der „docking site“ in 4 Fällen und eine Fraktur der Kallostasis in 1 Fall. Es erfolgten insgesamt 9 Verfahrenswechsel: 6mal wurde nach der Kallusdistraktion der Fixateur entfernt und ein Verriegelungsnagel eingebracht, und 3mal erfolgte eine Plattenosteosynthese der „docking site“. Die Nachuntersuchungsergebnisse nach Segmenttransport waren gut bis sehr gut bei 7 und befriedigend bei 4 von 11 nachuntersuchten Patienten. Die Ergebnisse nach Beinverlängerung waren gut bis sehr gut in allen Fällen. Der Monofixateur erwies sich als geeignetes und stabiles Stabilisierungs- und Transportsystem. Als wichtigster Nachteil erwies sich die schwierige Achsenkontrolle bei der Beinverlängerung. Nach abgeschlossener Distraktion empfiehlt sich bei reizlosem Lokalbefund der Verfahrenswechsel auf ein Implantat als Alternative zur weiteren Fixateurbehandlung.
    Notes: Summary In a 4-year period, 18 patients underwent callus distraction of the femur or tibia with the use of a unilateral external fixator. Twelve patients had post-traumatic bone loss resulting from complex lower-limb fractures. The bony defect was located in the tibia in 11 cases and in the femur in one case. All patients had major associated soft-tissue lesions. The length of the bony defect averaged 6.25 cm. Eight fractures were infected at the beginning of treatment. Six other patients underwent callus distraction for reasons of limb shortening. Five femora and one tibia were lengthened. The average increase in length was 6.5 cm. There were no fixator-related complications during distraction. The rate for the lengthening and consolidation phase was 49 days for 1 cm of length. Complications consisted of angulatory deformities in 6 cases, infections in four cases, fractures at the docking site in four cases and a fracture of the callotasis in one case. Nine patients underwent reosteosynthesis: planned secondary nailing after callus distraction was carried out in six patients. Three patients underwent plating at the docking site. The follow-up examination after bone transport showed a good-to-excellent outcome in 7 out of 11 patients. The outcome was satisfactory in 4 cases. Results after limb lengthening were good to excellent in all cases. The unilateral external fixator is, in our opinion, a convenient stabilization device and permits appropriate bone transportation for distraction osteogenesis. Alignment control during distraction, however, was difficult to manage in some cases. At the time of docking, reosteosynthesis by intramedullary nailing represents a viable alternative for further external fixation if the limb is free of infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 100 (1997), S. 908-912 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words paradoxical embolism • fracture • foramen ovale ; Schlüsselwörter Paradoxe Embolie • Fraktur • Foramen ovale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In etwa 25 % der Fälle ist im Erwachsenenalter das Foramen ovale anatomisch offen, funktionell, bedingt durch den höheren Druck im linken Vorhof, aber geschlossen. Wenn z. B. durch eine Lungenembolie ein höherer Druck durch Rechtsherzbelastung im rechten Vorhof entsteht, kann sich ein funktionell normalerweise geschlossenes Foramen ovale wieder öffnen, und durch den eintretenden Rechts-links-Shunt der Weg für eine paradoxen Embolie gebahnt werden. Im vorliegenden Fall traten bei einer Patientin 20 Tage nach operativer Versorgung einer subtrochantären Oberschenkelfraktur mittels Kondylenplatte Wortfindungsstörungen auf. Die deshalb durchgeführte Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) des Schädels zeigte einen frischen ischämischen Infarkt. Nachdem die übliche Durchuntersuchung mit Duplexsonographie der Karotiden keinerlei Erklärung für den ischämischen Infarkt ergeben hatte, wurde eine paradoxe Embolie über ein offenes Foramen ovale vermutet. Anschließend konnte sowohl duplexsonographisch eine frische Thrombose der V. femoralis superficialis als auch szintigraphisch eine Lungenembolie nachgewiesen werden. Die transösophageale Echokontrastkardiographie stellte ein spontan hämodynamisch wirksames offenes Foramen ovale dar. Der Fall zeigt, daß inapparente Beinvenenthrombosen durch zerebrale Defizite, wie z. B. Wortfindungsstörungen manifest werden können, und veranschaulicht den Pathomechanismus einer paradoxen Embolie.
    Notes: Summary The foramen ovale is anatomically open in 25 % of individuals, but functionally closed by the higher pressure in the left antrum. Right-to-left shunt and subsequent paradoxical embolism may occur when pressure in the left antrum rises, for example, as a result of pulmonary embolism. In the present case we demonstrate a patient who presented 20 days after osteosynthetic treatment of a femoral fracture with word-finding deficits. Cerebral MRT revealed a fresh ischemic insult. Duplex ultrasound of the legs showed a fresh thrombosis of the superficial femoral vein and scintigraphy of the lungs detected pulmonary embolism. Transesophageal contrast echocardiography trapped a hemodynamically spontaneous, open foramen ovale. Duplex ultrasound of the carotid arteries detected no pathological findings. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism can be clinically unconspicuous and become manifest by cerebral deficits resulting from paradox embolism and cerebral ischemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 102 (1999), S. 589-590 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 108 (1989), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Etagenfraktur des Tibiaschaftes entsteht immer nach einem hochenergetischen und direkten Trauma. Sehr oft sind schwere Begleitverletzungen der Weichteile vorhanden und die Durchblutung des intermediären Knochensegmentes ist schwer gestört. Die postoperativen Probleme von 40 Patienten mit 41 Etagenfrakturen des Tibiaschaftes wurden nachgesehen. 23 Frakturen (56,1%) wurden mit einer Plattenosteosynthese, 18 (43,9%) mit einer äußeren Fixation versorgt. 37 Frakturen konnten bis zur Knochenheilung nachverfolgt werden. Frakturheilungsstörungen wurden in 29% gesehen, immer in der distalen Fraktur. Ein gutes funktionelles Ergebnis konnte in 78,4% erreicht werden. Die spezifischen Probleme jeder Stabilisierungsmethode werden besprochen. Die Durchblutung des intermediären Knochensegmentes darf durch das Osteosyntheseverfahren sicherlich nicht gefährdet werden.
    Notes: Summary Segmental fractures of the tibial shaft are always caused by a high-energy direct trauma. They are frequently associated with important soft tissue injuries, and the vascularization of the intermediate bone fragment is severely disturbed. The postoperative problems of 40 patients with 41 segmental tibial shaft fractures were reviewed. Twenty-three fractures (56.1%) were treated with a plate osteosynthesis, 18 (43.9%) with an external fixator. Thirty-seven fractures could be followed-up until bony consolidation. Bone-healing problems were seen in 29%, always in the distal fracture. A good functional result, could be obtained in 78.4%. The problems of each stabilization method are discussed. The vascularization of the intermediate segment may not be endangered secondarily by the stabilization procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 111 (1992), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Radiotherapy and chemotherapy will result in an increase in the number of pathological fractures that occur, principally as a consequence of metastatic disease. These lesions are painful, especially at the level of the femur, and are apt to make invalids of the patient. If surgical intervention is applied as quickly as possible, (compound double-plate osteosynthesis or endoprosthesis), preferably before the lesion becomes a real fracture, the patient still has a chance of keeping a good, painless and well-functioning limb. This report concerns 40 patients with 48 pathological femoral fractures. Seventy-five percent of the lesions were localised at the level of the proximal extremity (femoral head or neck, trochanteric region, subtrochanteric region). Twenty cases were treated with an endoprosthesis, 28 by osteosynthesis; 4 patients died within the 1st month after surgery. In two of them, the data when considered postfacto were judged to show that any surgery would be too risky. Forty-five percent of patients survived for more than 1 year after operation. The average survival time of the whole group was slightly over 10 months. One patient is still going strong more than 35 months after surgery. Survival time was essentially dependent on the primary underlying malignant process. The results obtained have been more than reasonable: in 67% recovery of walking capacity, in 75% an effective fight against the pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 111 (1992), S. 165-170 
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of 56 consecutive patients with 59 fractures of the distal end of the radius, treated with a unilateral Hoffmann external fixator between 1980 and 1988, is presented. Forty-seven of these patients underwent clinical re-examination at home. We could distinguish two different groups of patients: an older female group with an average age of 59.2 years and a younger male group with an average age of 40.1 years. The fractures in the women were caused by lower energy trauma than those in the men (P 〈 0.05). The men had significantly more complex fractures (Frykman type VII or VIII) than the women (P 〈 0.05). The indications for external fixation were significantly different in men and in women (P 〈 0.01). The external fixator remained in place for an average of 5.7 weeks. The injured wrist had on average 71% of the strength of the contralateral wrist. Eighty-seven percent of the patients had no complaints in performing their daily activities. In 70% X-ray showed anatomical reduction, in 64% there was an excellent cosmetic result and in 68% the functional end results were excellent or good. Functional end results can be ameliorated by paying more attention to anatomical reconstruction of the wrist joint. It may be necessary to supplement the external fixation with open reconstruction of the wrist joint and/or a cancellous bone transplant. In some cases, a change of procedure to plate osteosynthesis could be the treatment of choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 116 (1997), S. 184-186 
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A patient is presented in whom massive fat emboli syndrome (FES) developed after the unsuccesful treatment of a solitary tibial fracture with an unreamed tibial nail. Ultimately, a reamed tibial nail was inserted. Several risk factors for the development of FES were identified retrospectively in this particular case: a very small medullary canal, a large-diameter unreamed tibial nail, reaming of a small medullary canal and insertion of a thick reamed tibial nail. Even in the presence of patients with solitary lesions and without obvious risks for FES, one should always take this dangerous complication into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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