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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acceleration of the rate limiting step in norepinephrine biosynthesis by potassium (1970)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 494-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kalium erhöht die Bildung von markiertem Noradrenalin aus markiertem Tyrosin im isolierten Vas deferens. Es wird angenommen, dass dieser Effekt auf eine Steigerung der Tyrosin-Hydroxylase zurückzuführen ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01898465
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholamine biosynthesis in vascular tissue (1970)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 960-961 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Umwandlung von Tyrosin in Katecholamin wurde in verschiedenen Blutgefässen untersucht. Die Katecholamin-Biosynthese erfolgte am schnellsten in der Arteria mesenterica sup. (0,6 μg/g/h), was zehnmal höher liegt als diejenige in der Aorta oder in der Arteria pulmonalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02114130
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopamine-Neurotensin Interactions in Mesocortical Neurons (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 668 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb27338.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postmortem Stability of Monoamines, Their Metabolites, and Receptor Binding in Rat Brain Regibns (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 62 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The effects of postmortem delay, time of storage, and freezing, thawing, and refreezing tissue samples were studied in postmortem rat brain using conditions that reflect the handling of postmortem human brain before neurochemical analysis. The levels of monoamines and metabolites in the striatum and cingulate and occipital cortex were measured using alumina extraction and HPLC methods. Binding of raclopride to dopamine D2, SCH- 23390 to dopamine D1, ketanserin to serotonin 5-HT2, 8- hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin to serotonin 5-HT1A, and cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 to CCK-B sites was measured in tissue homogenates from the striatum or frontoparietal cortex. An 18-h postmortem delay before dissection and storage resulted in region-specific changes in monoamine and metabolite levels. Binding to striatal D1and frontoparietal cortex CCK-B sites was reduced over the course of a 27-h postmortem delay. Binding to D2 and 5-HT sites was relatively stable. Storage of tissue for up to 8 months also resulted in region-specific changes in monoamine and metabolite levels. No changes in receptor binding were seen after long-term storage. Freezing, thawing, and refreezing tissue samples resulted in increased levels of striatal 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and decreased binding to striatal D2 sites. These results demonstrate time-, temperature-, and storage-dependent regional differences in.the stability of monoamines and their metabolites and in binding to various receptor sites. These differences in stability and binding should be accounted for to interpret accurately the effects of neurological disorders on neurotransmitter dynamics in postmortem human brain tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62010282.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cocaine and Cocaethylene: Microdialysis Comparison of Brain Drug Levels and Effects on Dopamine and Serotonin (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 60 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Cocaethylene is a pharmacologically active metabolite resulting from concurrent cocaine and ethanol consumption. The effects of cocaine and cocaethylene on extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, and serotonin in the striatum were characterized in vivo in the anesthetized rat. Both intravenous (3 μmol/kg) and intraperitoneal (44 μmol/kg) routes of administration were used. In addition to monitoring neurotransmitter levels, microdialysate levels of cocaine and cocaethylene were determined at 4-min intervals after intravenous administration, and at 20-min intervals after intraperitoneal administration. Extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens were increased to ∼400% of preinjection value by both cocaine and cocaethylene when administered intravenously. Cocaine caused a significant increase of striatal serotonin to 200% preinjection value, whereas cocaethylene had no effect. Brain levels of cocaine and cocaethylene after intravenous administration did not differ. After intraperitoneal administration, extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens were increased to 400% of preinjection levels by cocaine, but were only increased to 200% of preinjection levels by cocaethylene, the difference being statistically significant. Serotonin levels were increased to 360% of preinjection levels by cocaine, but only to 175% of preinjection value by cocaethylene. Levels of cocaine attained in brain were significantly higher than those for cocaethylene, suggesting pharmacokinetic differences with the intraperitoneal route. These results confirm in vivo that cocaethylene is more selective in its actions than cocaine with respect to dopamine and serotonin uptake. In addition, route-dependent differences in attainment of brain drug levels have been observed that may impact on interpretations of the relative potency of the reinforcement value of these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03305.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative Importance of 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenylglycol and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol as Norepinephrine Metabolites in Rat, Monkey, and Humans (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 41 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay, which allowed simultaneous measurement of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), was used to show that the concentration of MHPG in primate CNS far exceeded that of DHPG and that both metabolites were mainly in the unconjugated form. In rat brain, DHPG concentration was generally higher than that of MHPG, and both existed predominantly as conjugates. Rat and primate plasma contained more MHPG than DHPG. In plasma of primates but not of rats, higher proportions of the metabolites were conjugated, compared to those in brain. Significant correlations existed between MHPG and DHPG in rat brain, monkey brain, human plasma, and both monkey CSF and plasma. In monkeys, a significant CSF-plasma correlation was found for MHPG, but not for DHPG. Acute administration of piperoxane raised rat brain MHPG and DHPG concentration; desipramine prevented this rise in DHPG, but not in MHPG. Desipramine alone decreased DHPG, but not MHPG, concentration. Piperoxane increased monkey brain MHPG, but not DHPG, concentration. These data suggest that DHPG is a valuable metabolite to measure when assessing norepinephrine metabolism in the rat. Under certain conditions, measurement of rat brain MHPG and DHPG may provide information concerning the site of norepinephrine metabolism. However, in primates the importance of monitoring DHPG, in addition to MHPG, is uncertain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb04809.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHOLINE: SELECTIVE ACCUMULATION BY CENTRAL CHOLINERGIC NEURONS (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 20 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— Most of the cholinergic input to the hippocampus was destroyed by placement of lesions in the medial septal area. In animals with such lesions we found that hippocampal ChAc activity was reduced by 85–90% and endogenous acetylcholine levels were reduced by more than 80 %. When hippocampal synaptosomes from animals with lesions were incubated with [3H]choline at concentrations of 7.5 nm, 1 μm and 10 μm there was approximately a 60 % reduction in the uptake of [3H]choline, suggesting that cholinergic nerve endings were mainly responsible for [3H]choline uptake. At 0.1 mm concentrations of [3H]choline, there was only a 25 % reduction of choline uptake, suggesting that at higher concentrations of choline there was more nonspecific uptake. The uptake of radiolabelled tryptophan, glutamate and GABA were only slightly or not at all affected by the lesions. There was a significant reduction of uptake of radiolabelled serotonin and norepinephrine, since known monoaminergic tracts were disrupted. Choline uptake was reduced only in brain regions in which cholinergic input was interrupted (i.e. the cerebral cortex and hippocampus) and remained unchanged in other regions (i.e. the cerebellum and striatum). The time course of the reduction in choline uptake was similar to that of the reductions in ChAc activity and endogenous ACh levels; there was no decrease at 1 day, a significant decrease at 2 days, and the maximal decrease at 4 days postlesion. There was a close correlation among choline uptake, ChAc activity and ACh levels in the four brain regions examined (i.e. the striatum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum). Our results suggest that when hippocampal synaptosomes (and perhaps synaptosomes from other brain areas as well) are incubated in the presence of choline, at concentrations of 10 μm m or lower, then cholinergic nerve endings are responsible for the bulk of the choline accumulated by the tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb12157.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEROTONIN AND DOPAMINE METABOLITES IN BRAIN REGIONS AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF A PRIMATE SPECIES: EFFECTS OF KETAMINE AND FLUPHENAZINE (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 32 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— The concentration of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) metabolites in brain regions was not altered by doses of ketamine (10mg/kg) which induced dissociative anesthesia in a primate species. Cercopithecus aethiops. Fluphenazine (1.0mg/kg) increased homovanillic acid (HVA) content in all brain regions examined. An increase in HVA and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration was observed in cisternal CSF 4 h after ketamine without a concomitant change in the brain concentration of these metabolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb11048.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inverse relationship between GABA and γ-hydoxybutyrate levels in striatum of rat injected with kainic acid (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 32 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb00393.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGIONAL BRAIN LEVELS OF γ-HYDROXYBUTYRATE IN HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 32 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A highly sensitive electron capture gas chromatographic method was developed for quantitation of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in tissue. This method involves an improved, extraction and purification procedure and a one-step derivatization of GHB to the methyl ester-O-heptafluorobutyrate. As low as 5 ng of GHB in tissue was accurately quantitated by this method.By means of this improved method, endogenous levels of GHB in several regions of brains obtained post-mortem from patients with Huntington's disease were determined, and compared with brain samples obtained post-mortem from non-neurological controls. The levels of GHB found in the caudate and substantia nigra obtained from Huntington's patients were significantly higher than the GHB levels found in similar regions of brain obtained from a non-neurological control group. The content of GABA in the same choreic and control brain samples was also determined. No significant correlation between changes in GHB and GABA levels was observed although there was a trend towards an inverse relationship. The high level of GHR in Huntington's disease may be related to the decrease in succinate:oxidoreductase (EC 1.3.99.1) activity reported by Stahl & Swanson (1974).In two subjects (one control and one Huntington patient) the zonal distribution of GHB in substantia nigra was also determined. The zona reticulata from choreic brain contained a substantially higher level of GHB, whereas the zona compacta contained an amount similar to the level found in control brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb00392.x
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