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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 495-499 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; cyclothiazide ; hydrochlorthiazide ; thiazide diuretics ; potassium-sparing diuretics ; saluretic effect ; hypokalaemia ; hyperuricaemia ; amiloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive, saluretic and hypokalaemic effects of a small dose of cyclothiazide (2.5 mg daily) were compared with those of a conventional dose of an hydrochlorthiazide-amiloride hydrochloride combination (50+5 mg daily). Both preparations were given to 13 patients with mild (WHO I) hypertension in a cross-over manner for six weeks, with an intervening wash-out phase of three weeks. The antihypertensive efficacy of cyclothiazide was well comparable to that of the hydrochlorthiazide-amiloride combination, although cyclothiazide tended to inhibit renal sodium reabsorption less than the combination. Cyclothiazide tended to cause hypokalaemia, apparently due to increased potassium loss, but with the present dosage none of the 13 patients developed marked hypokalaemia (serum potassium less than 3.3 mmol/l). Both drugs led to a comparable increase in serum urate concentration. Neither of the preparations affected creatinine or free-water clearance. The results suggest that even in relatively small doses thiazides effectively decrease blood pressure, and combining thiazides with potassium-sparing diuretics is advantageous only in patients with marked hypokalaemia and its associated risks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 491-494 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: betaxolol ; hypertension ; double-blind trial ; cross-over trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Betaxolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker, which has a bioavailability of 90% and a T1/2 of 20 h. A four group, cross-over double-blind trial was conducted to select between betaxolol 20 mg and 40 mg for long term trials. 60 patients were allocated randomly to one of the sequences placebo-20 mg, 20 mg-placebo, placebo-40 mg and 40 mg-placebo, each treatment lasting for 2 weeks. Groups were homogenous for baseline diastolic blood pressure (DBP), age and male/female ratio, and were slightly unbalanced for weight. A two-way ANOVA (3 treatments, 2 sequences) showed no treatment-sequence interaction nor sequence effect. The mean reduction in DBP was 14.2±1.8 mm Hg following 20 mg and 18.0±1.8 following 40 mg betaxolol, and 4.0±1.2 mm Hg during placebo (p〈0.001). Age, weight, baseline DBP and duration of hypertension did not influence the treatment effect. The 95% confidence intervals of the reduction in DBP were 10.4–17.9 for 20 mg and 14.3–21.6 mm Hg for betaxolol 40 mg. Aiming at a mean reduction to 90 mm Hg, betaxolol 20 mg would appear to be adequate in similar patient populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 381-388 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: fenclofenac ; pharmacokinetics ; juvenile rheumatoid arthritis ; side effects ; synovial fluid drug level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty eight children (age range 3–17 years) with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) received fenclofenac 10–25 mg/kg body weight daily on an open basis. Pharmacokinetic analysis was undertaken on plasma fenclofenac levels measured during the first 3 weeks of treatment. The peak concentration after the first dose was achieved in 2–8 h in non-fasting subjects and was linearly related to dose. The plasma level then decayed biexponentially, as in adults, the initial distribution phase extending to about 12 h after dosing. After treatment for 18 days, blood samples were taken during the 96 h following the last dose of the drug to define the steady state elimination profile. The elimination half-life was 25.4±7.9 h (n=17) and did not appear to be dependent on the daily dosage. A therapeutic drug concentration of ≥100 µg/ml emerged from subjective and objective estimates of the response to treatment and measurement of steady state fenclofenac concentration. Treatment response could be more accurately predicted with the aid of drug concentrations than from dosage alone, although the dose and the steady state drug concentration were positively and linearly correlated (r=0.61,p〈0.01). Of 16 children receiving doses in excess of 20 mg/kg/day, 3 experienced dose-related adverse effects, increased serum transaminase activity, vertigo and dyspnoea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1090-6487
    Keywords: 78.30.Am ; 78.55.Mb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A violation of the polarization selection rules for Raman scattering is observed in porous silicon. This effect is caused by a weak disorientation of the quasi-one-dimensional silicon wires, with the crystal structure of the wires themselves and the macroscopic homogeneity of the material in optical experiments remaining intact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of experimental and theoretical physics 90 (2000), S. 324-329 
    ISSN: 1090-6509
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The birefringence of light in freely suspended samples of porous silicon is observed and investigated. The effect is interpreted as “shape birefringence,” i.e., the effect caused by the structure of a material consisting of anisotropic formations with sizes less than the wavelength of the light and with a predominant orientation. It is checked experimentally that the samples do not possess optical activity or optical anisotropy in the plane of the porous-silicon film. It is determined that the effect is observed for polarization of incident light that rules out the possibility of observing birefringence in a uniform optical medium, and it is not observed in the conventional experimental geometry. Qualitative explanations are given for the anomalous character of the observed defect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0163-7525
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 5984-5985 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the photoluminescence quenching of porous silicon in different atmospheres and in vacuum. We observe a much faster quenching in vacuum than reported before, which we propose is caused by the difference of structure in p- and n-type porous silicon, or a re-reaction with an electrolyte vapor. We have also investigated the recovery of the photoluminescence. We observe the luminescence intensity to partially recover under the influence of a hydrogen atmosphere, up to 0.1 of its initial value. We propose that this is associated with the stabilization of surface dangling bonds. When the hydrogen atmosphere was changed to the normal atmosphere of air, the photoluminescence intensity started to decrease again due to oxidation. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: For implementation of simple yield loss models into threshold-based weed management systems, a thorough validation is needed over a great diversity of sites. Yield losses by competition wsth Sinapis alba L. (white mustard) as a model weed, were studied in 12 experiments in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and in 11 experiments in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Most data sets were heller described by a model based on the relative leaf area of the weed than by a hyperbolic model based on weed density. This leaf area model accounted for (part of) the effect of different emerging times of the S. alba whereas the density model did not. A parameter that allows the maximum yield loss to be smaller than 100% was mostly not needed to describe the effects of weed competition. The parameter that denotes the competitiveness of the weed species with respect to the crop decreased the later the relative leaf area of the mustard was determined. This decrease could be estimated from the differences in relative growth rate of the leaf area of crop and S. alba. However, the accuracy of this estimation was poor. The parameter value of the leaf area model varied considerably between sites and years. The results strongly suggest that the predictive ability of the leaf area model needs to be improved before it can be applied in weed management systems. Such improvement would require additional information about effects of abiotic factors on plant development and morphology and the definition of a time window for predictions with an acceptable level of error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 32 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Reduction of the dose of MCPA/mecoprop and MCPA/fluroxypyr mixtures to half or one-third of the recommended rates still provided good weed control efficacy in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and particularly in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L). The average yield of treated plots was 8% higher in wheat and 1% higher in barley compared with untreated plots. However, yield reductions were observed in 32% of wheat plots and in 43% of barley plots treated with herbicides. The yield responses were poorly correlated with the weed density of mixed weed flora at the time of spraying. No reliable threshold density for chemical weed control was found. Réponses au rendement de céréales de printemps, à des doses d'herbicides réduites La réduction de la dose de MCPA/mecoprop et MCPA/fluroxypyr a la moitié ou au tiers des taux recommandés a encore assure une bonne efficacité herbicide chez le blé de printemps (Triticum aestivum L.) et specialement chez l'orge de printemps (Hordeum vulgare L.). Le rendement moyen des parcelles traitées était de 8% plus élevé chez le blé et de 1%élevé chez l'orge que dans les parcelles non traitees. Cependant, des reductions de rendement ont été observées dans 32% des parcelles de blé et dans 43% des parcelles d'orge traitées aux herbicides. Les reponses du rendement étaient faiblement liées a la densité en adventices d'une flore mixte au moment du traitement. Aucune densité seuil-sérieuse pour le desherbage n'a été trouvée. Ertragsbildung von Sommergetreide bei reduziertem Aufwand von Herbiziden Eine Reduzierung des Aufwands von MCPA-Mecoprop- und MCPA-Fluroxypyr-Mischungen auf die Halfte oder ein Drittel des empfohlenen Aufwands ergab in Sommerweizen (Triticum aestivum L.) und besonders in Sommergerste (Hordeum vulgare L.) noch eine gute Unkrautbekampfung. Im Mittel war der Ertrag der behandelten Parzellen beim Weizen um 8% und bei der Gerste um 1% höher als in den unbehandelten, aber in 32% der Herbizidparzellen mit Weizen und in 43% der mit Gerste wurden Ertragsminderungen beobachtet. Die Ertragsbildung stand kaum in Beziehung zur Unkrautdichte zur Zeit der Behandlung. Es wurde keine verläßliche Schadensschwelle gefunden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 32 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of dose reduction on the efficacy of MCPA/mecoprop and MCPA/fluroxypyr mixtures in the control of broad-leaved weeds was studied in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Five crop densities were sown to obtain crop stands of different competitive ability. Halving the highest recommended dose decreased the control efficacy by 5–15 percentage units, but still provided a good weed control. Further reduction of the dose resulted in high variation in efficacy. The level of weed suppression was mainly determined by the competitiveness of the crop, environmental conditions and weed spectrum with differential sensitivity of species to the herbicides. No changes in the weed infestation were detected after continuous use of low herbicide doses for 3 years. The seed bank of weeds in soil was higher after a wheat-dominated rotation than after a barley-dominated rotation. Efficacité de doses réduites d'herbicides chez des céréales de printemps d'aptitudes à la compétitivé différentes L'impact de la réduction des doses sur l'efficacité de melange MCPA/mecoprop et MCPA/ fluroxypyr en matiere de desherbage des dicotyledones a étéétudié chez l'orge de printemps (Hordeum vulgare L.) et le blé de printemps (Triticum aestivum L.) 5 densités de culture ont été semées pour obtenir des cultures d'aptitudes a la compétitivité différentes. La réduction de moitié de la dose recommandée la plus élevée a reduit l'efficacité herbicide de 5 à 15% mais a encore fourni un bon résultat. Des reductions plus élevées de la dose ont conduit à de fortes variations dans l'efficacité. Le niveau de suppression des adventices était principalement déterminé par la compétitivité de la culture, les conditions environnementales et le spectre des adventices avec une sensibilité differentes des espèces aux herbicides, Aucun changement dans l'infestation en adventices n'a été observé après une utilisation continue de faibles doses d'herbicide pendant 3 ans, Le stock grainier d'adventices du sol était plus élevé après une rotation à dominante blé, qu'après une rotation à dominante orge. Wirksamkeit reduzierten Aufwands von Herbiziden in Sommergetreide mit unterschiedlicher Konkurrenzkraft In Sommergerste (Hordeum vulgare L.) und Sommerweizen (Triticum aestivum L.) wurde untersucht, wie die Reduzierung des Aufwands die Wirksamkeit von MCPA-Mecoprop- und MCPA-Fluroxypyr-Mischungen beeinflußt, Die Getreide wurden in 5 Dichten gesät, um Pflanzenbestände unterschiedlicher Konkurrenzkraft zu haben. Die Halbierung des hochsten empfohlenen Aufwands verminderte die Wirksamkeit um 5 bis 15 Prozentpunkte, ergab dennoch eine gute Unkrautbekämpfung, Eine weitere Reduzierung des Aufwands brachte sehr unterschiedliche Wirksamkeit. Der Grad der Unkrautunterdrückung wurde überwiegend durch die Konkurrenzkraft des Getreides, die Umweltbedingungen und das Unkrautspektrum mit gegenüber den Herbiziden verschieden empfindlichen Arten bestimmt. Nach 3 Jahren niedrigen Herbizidaufwands ließen sich Änderungen der Verunkrautung nicht erkennen. Der Unkrautsamenvorrat im Boden war nach einer weizen-dominierten Fruchtfolge größer als nach einer gerstendominierten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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