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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 47 (1982), S. 145-147 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Lobules VI/VII ; Vestibular ; Target velocity ; Eye movements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Head velocity-related modulations in Purkinje cell activity were observed in lobules VI and VII of the cerebellar vermis. The sensitivities and phase shifts with respect to head velocity of Purkinje cells were comparable with vestibular responses observed in the fastigial nuclei. The results support the hypothesis of a vermal target velocity correlate and necessitate the inclusion of vermal lobules VI and VII among the cerebellar regions involved with vestibular information processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 53 (1984), S. 473-478 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dorsolateral pontine nucleus ; Visual responses ; Retinal slip velocity ; Smooth-pursuit eye movements ; Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The visual properties of 77 dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) cells were studied in two alert monkeys. In 41 cells, presentation of a moving random dot background pattern, while the monkeys fixated a stationary spot, elicited modulations in discharge rate that were related either to (i) the velocity of background motion in a specific direction or to (ii) only the direction of background movement. Thirty-six DLPN cells exhibited responses to small, 0.6–1.7 deg, visual stimuli. Nine such cells exhibited non-direction selective receptive fields that were eccentric from the fovea. During fixation of a stationary bluish spot, the visual responses of 27 DLPN cells to movement of a small, white “test” spot were characterized by two components: (1) as the test spot crossed the fovea in a specific direction, transient velocity-related increases in discharge rate occurred and (2) a maintained, smaller increase in activity was observed for the duration of test spot movement in the preferred direction. This DLPN activity associated with small visual stimuli was also observed during smooth-pursuit eye movements when, due to imperfect tracking, retinal image motion of the target produced slip in the same direction. These preliminary results suggest that the DLPN could supply the smooth-pursuit system with signals concerning the direction and velocity of target image motion on the retina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 25 (1976), S. 291-306 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate ; Eye movements ; Frontal eye field ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Effects of electrical stimulation of the frontal eye field (FEF) upon activities of the lateral geniculate body (LG) were studied in encéphale isolé cats. In some experiments the effects were examined by recording field responses of the dorsal nucleus of LG (LGd) and the visual cortex (VC) to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm (OX). Conditioning repetitive stimulation of FEF exerted no significant effects on the r1 wave of LGd responses but had a facilitatory effect on the r2 wave. FEF-induced facilitation of VC responses was prominent in the late postsynaptic components. These effects had latencies of 50–100 msec and durations of 200–500 msec. Transection of the midbrain showed that most of the FEF-effect was not mediated via the brainstem reticular formation. Extracellular unitary recordings were made from 125 neurons, of which 91 were LGd neurons, 23 neurons of the caudal part of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRc) and 11 neurons of the ventral nucleus of LG (LGv). In 30 of 87 LGd relay neurons FEF stimuli increased response probabilities to OX stimuli and their spontaneous discharges. These FEF-facilitated LGd neurons were distinguished from the non-affected ones in that the former had longer OX-latencies than the latter. The FEF-facilitated neurons probably correspond to “X” neurons of LGd. In 17 TRc neurons the effects were inhibitory. Their time courses were similar to those of the facilitation in the LGd relay neurons. Seven LGv neurons received facilitatory effects from FEF. Among them 5 neurons showed short-latency (6.7–17 msec) responses to FEF single shocks. The FEF sites inducing conjugate lateral eye movements exerted stronger facilitatory effects than those inducing upward or centering eye movements did. It is suggested that the effects may subserve to cancel the inhibitory convergence onto X-cells just after saccadic eye movements so as to improve visual information transmission through LGd during the eye fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 2 (1968), S. 53-86 
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1440-1797
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1440-1797
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Nephrology 6 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1440-1797
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a member of the new family of growth regulators. It plays an important role of the pathogenesis of mesangial matrix accumulation and progressive glomerulosclerosis in IgA nephropathy (IgAN).We investigated the expression and localization of CTGF mRNA in renal tissues of patients with IgAN and normal human kidneys (NHK), using in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide. Open renal biopsy tissues were obtained from 16 patients with IgAN. The renal pathology was categorized into four grades by light microscopic findings. The expression level of CTGF mRNA was quantified by counting all nuclei, as well as nuclei surrounded by CTGF mRNA-positive cytoplasm in randomly selected non-sclerotic glomeruli and expressing the results as the percentage of total cells.Connective tissue growth factor mRNA was mainly expressed in glomerular mesangial and epithelial cells in both IgAN and NHK, and cells of Bowman’s capsule. In IgAN, CTGF mRNA-positive cells were increased in tubulointerstitial fibrotic areas. The percentage of positive cells for CTGF mRNA was significantly higher in IgAN than in NHK. The percentage of positive cells for CTGF mRNA in each IgAN grade was significantly higher than that in NHK. Furthermore, the percentage of positive cells for CTGF mRNA was significantly greater in IgAN with moderate mesangial proliferative lesions (grade 2, grade 3) than in IgAN with mild mesangial proliferative lesions.Our study suggests that CTGF may play an important role in the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in IgAN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1440-1797
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1440-1797
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 153 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  Herpetic vesicles caused by herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, and hydroa vacciniforme (HV) are characterized by umbilicated vesicule formation.Objectives  To understand the histogenesis of umbilicated vesicles in herpetic vesicles and HV, we demonstrated the presence of the virus-associated molecules in the lesions, and the pathogenic role of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses.Methods  Phenotyping of infiltrating cells was carried out in biopsy specimens from herpes simplex, varicella, herpes zoster and HV, and compared with nonviral contact dermatitis. Viral antigens and Epstein–Barr virus-encoded small nuclear RNA (EBER) were detected by immunostaining and by in situ hybridization, respectively. Infiltrating CTLs expressing granzyme B and granulysin were determined by double immunostaining using confocal laser scanning microscopy.Results  In all herpetic vesicles, the corresponding viral antigens were observed in the cytopathic keratinocytes, and infiltration of lymphoid cells was present in the upper dermis and around the vessels. In all HV lesions studied, EBER+ T cells made up 5–10% of the dermal infiltrates and the dermal infiltrates contained almost no CD56 cells. CTLs expressing granzyme B and granulysin were present in both herpetic and HV lesions, in which they made up 10–30% of the total dermal infiltrates, whereas they comprised less than 5% of the infiltrates of biopsy specimens from nonviral contact dermatitis. Confocal laser microscopic examination demonstrated that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressed granzyme B and granulysin.Conclusions  CD4+ and/or CD8+ CTLs reactive to the virus-infected cells might be responsible for the histogenesis of herpetic and HV lesions characterized by umbilicated vesicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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