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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elbow flexion strength curves in untrained men and women and male bodybuilders (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 66 (1993), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Isometric strength ; Strength curves ; Hypertrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of elbow joint angle on voluntary isometric elbow flexion strength was assessed in 15 young women (F), 18 young men (M) and 11 male body-builders (BB). Measurements were made at elbow joint angles of 1.31, 1.57, 1.83, 2.09, 2.36, 2.62 and 2.88 rad (3.14 rad = 180° = full extension). The peak voluntary strength [mean (SE), N.m] in M [69.5 (4.3)] and BB [93.3 (4.8)] occurred at 2.09 rad (120°), but occurred at 1.57 rad (90°) in F [35.4 (2.4)]. Peak torque at 1.31 rad was 20% and 25% lower than at 2.09 rad in M and BB, respectively, but did not differ between these two angles in F. The larger elbow flexor muscle and fibre size in M and BB may have been responsible for their impaired torque production at joint angles corresponding to the shortest muscle lengths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235099
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elbow flexor evoked twitch contractile properties in untrained men and women and male bodybuilders (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 66 (1993), S. 240-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Twitch contractile properties ; Joint angle ; Training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of elbow joint angle on elbow flexor isometric evoked twitch contractile properties was assessed in 15 young women (F), 18 young men (M) and 11 male bodybuilders (BB). Measurements were made at elbow joint angles of 1.31, 1.57, 1.83, 2.09, 2.36, 2.62 and 2.88 rad (3.14 rad =180° =full extension). The largest peak twitch torque values [mean (SE) N · m] in F [3.77 (0.20)], M [10.38 (0.68)] and BB [11.38 (1.05)] occurred at 2.88 rad. Peak torque was progressively smaller at smaller joint angles, but the decline from 2.88 to 1.31 rad was greater in M (68%) and BB (76%) than F (59%). Thus, the magnitude of intergroup differences in peak twitch torque (PT) was joint angle dependent. Twitch time to peak torque (TPT) was influenced in a complex way by joint angle in the three groups; BB had the lowest values at small joint angles but the highest values at the largest angles. Half-relaxation time (HRT) generally increased from the smallest to largest joint angles in a pattern that did not differ significantly among the three groups. Maximum rates of twitch torque development and relaxation showed the same pattern of results as PT; indicating that these time-related measures were more sensitive to joint angle effects on PT than on TPT or HRT. The results of this study indicate that careful consideration should be given to the selection of joint angles in the measurement of evoked twitch contractile properties for the purpose of making group comparisons or investigating the effects of interventions such as training.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235100
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 66 (1993), S. 254-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Fiber area ; Fiber number ; Muscle crosssectional area
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Strength and muscle characteristics were examined in biceps brachii and vastus lateralis of eight men and eight women. Measurements included motor unit number, size and activation and voluntary strength of the elbow flexors and knee extensors. Fiber areas and type were determined from needle biopsies and muscle areas by computerized tomographical scanning. The women were approximately 52% and 66% as strong as the men in the upper and lower body respectively. The men were also stronger relative to lean body mass. A significant correlation was found between strength and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA; P≤0.05). The women had 45, 41, 30 and 25% smaller muscle CSAs for the biceps brachii, total elbow flexors, vastus lateralis and total knee extensors respectively. The men had significantly larger type I fiber areas (4597 vs 3483 μm2) and mean fiber areas (6632 vs 3963 μm2) than the women in biceps brachii and significantly larger type II fiber areas (7700 vs 4040 μm2) and mean fiber areas (7070 vs 4290 μm2) in vastus lateralis. No significant gender difference was found in the strength to CSA ratio for elbow flexion or knee extension, in biceps fiber number (180 620 in men vs 156 872 in women), muscle area to fiber area ratio in the vastus lateralis 451 468 vs 465 007) or any motor unit characteristics. Data suggest that the greater strength of the men was due primarily to larger fibers. The greater gender difference in upper body strength can probably be attributed to the fact that women tend to have a lower proportion of their lean tissue distributed in the upper body. It is difficult to determine the extent to which the larger fibers in men represent a true biological difference rather that a difference in physical activity, but these data suggest that it is largely an innate gender difference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of blood pressure response to isokinetic and weight-lifting exercise (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 67 (1993), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Systolic pressure ; Diastolic pressure ; Oesophageal pressure ; Valsalva manoeuvre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brachial arterial pressure, oesophageal pressure, and knee joint angle were monitored in eight untrained young men as they performed bilateral leg-press actions (simultaneous hip and knee extension and ankle plantarflexion) against resistance. Single maximal leg-press actions on an isokinetic device evoked mean peak arterial (systolic/diastolic) pressures of 35.4/26.2 and 34.0/23.4 kPa at lever arm velocities of 0.262 and 1.31 rad·s−1, respectively. The corresponding oesophageal pressures were 13.2 and 10.4 kPa, respectively. Although the peak force was 30% greater, and duration of the action 3–4 times longer at 0.262 than 1.31 rad·s−1, the arterial and oesophageal pressure responses did not differ. On a weight-lifting machine, a set of repetitions [mean (SEM): 11 (3)] to failure at 80–90% one repetition maximum evoked peak arterial pressures of 45.5/32.8 kPa; the corresponding oesophageal pressure was 15.7 kPa. The peak systolic and diastolic pressures observed during weight-lifting were significantly (P 〈 0.05) higher than during isokinetic actions at both velocities, whereas oesophageal pressure was more elevated only in relation to isokinetic actions at the higher velocity. These data indicate that resisted leg-press actions cause extreme elevations in arterial blood pressure. The degree of voluntary effort is the major determinant of the blood pressure response, rather than the resistance mode or the type (concentric, eccentric, isometric) of muscle action. Repetitive resistance exercise (e.g. a set of repetitions to failure in weight-lifting) tends to produce greater pressure elevations than isolated, single maximal effort actions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376653
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muscle ultrastructural characteristics of elite powerlifters and bodybuilders (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 48 (1982), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Hypertrophy ; Bodybuilders ; Fast and slow twitch fibres ; Ultrastructure ; Skeletal muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle ultrastructure of a group of subjects possessing extreme hypertrophy was compared with that of a control group which had undergone 6 months of heavy resistance training. Two needle biopsies were taken from triceps brachii of two international calibre powerlifters and five elite bodybuilders. In addition, samples were taken from five healthy volunteers before and after 6 months of training of the elbow extensors. One biopsy was prepared for electron microscopy and analyzed stereologically, and the other was stained for myosin ATPase activity and photographed under the light microscope. Despite large differences in elbow extension strength and arm girth there was no significant difference in fibre areas or percentages of fibre types between the elite group and the trained controls. This suggests that the elite group possessed a greater total number of muscle fibres than the controls did. Mitochondrial volume density of the elite group was similar to that of the control group following training but significantly less (p〈0.05) than the pretraining control measurements. Myofibrillar volume density was significantly lower and cytoplasmic volume density significantly higher in the elite group than in the trained controls. There was a considerably higher incidence of structural abnormalities including central nuclei and atrophied fibres in the elite group than in the control group, which might possibly have been associated with the use of anabolic steroids by the elite group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421171
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specificity of joint angle in isometric training (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 58 (1989), S. 744-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Isometric training ; Joint angle ; Specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six healthy women (21.8±0.4 y) did isometric strength training of the left plantarflexors at an ankle joint angle of 90°. Training sessions, done 3 times per week for 6 weeks, consisted of 2 sets of ten 5 s maximal voluntary contractions. Prior to and following the training, and in random order, voluntary and evoked isometric contraction strength was measured at the training angle and at additional angles: 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20° intervals in the plantarflexion and dorsiflexion directions. Evoked contraction strength was measured as the peak torque of maximal twitch contractions of triceps surae. Training increased voluntary strength at the training angle and the two adjacent angles only (p〈0.05). Time to peak twitch torque was not affected by training. Twitch half relaxation time increased after training (p=0.013), but the increase was not specific to the training angle. There was a small (1.1%, p〈0.05) increase in calf circumference after training. Evoked twitch torque did not increase significantly at any joint angle. It was therefore concluded that a neural mechanism is responsible for the specificity of joint angle observed in isometric training.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637386
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isokinetic strength in weight-trainers (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 53 (1984), S. 128-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Isokinetic strength ; Bodybuilders ; Powerlifters ; Hypertrophy ; Skeletal muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isokinetic strength of ankle plantarflexion (APF), knee extension (KE) and elbow extension (EE) was measured in male weight-trainers (6 power-lifters and 7 bodybuilders) and 25 untrained men of similar age and height. The weight-trainers exceeded control subjects by 21%, 25% and 73% in APF, KE and EE strength respectively. A similar pattern was obtained for limb girth, in which the weight-trainers exceeded control subjects by 6%, 13%, and 31% in calf, thigh and arm girth, respectively. Strength was similarly enhanced in the weight-trainers at the lower and higher velocities (APF 0.10, 0.63 rad·s−1, KE and EE 0.52, 3.14 rad·s−1) tested, and accounted for the positive correlation (r=0.84) observed between low and high velocity strength. The powerlifters differed significantly from the bodybuilders only in their greater low velocity APF strength. The relatively greater enhancement of upper versus lower limb strength and muscle mass in the weight-trainers was considered in respect to training habits, trainability of different muscle groups and the state of training of muscle groups in untrained men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422575
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strength-velocity relationship and fatiguability of unilateral versus bilateral arm extension (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 56 (1987), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Muscle, maximal voluntary strength ; Fatigue ; Isokinetic dynamometer ; Arms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Strength-velocity relations and fatigue resistance in an arm bench press manoeuvre were compared between conditions of bilateral (BL, both arms acting together) and unilateral muscle contraction in 9 young men. BL and UL (sum of the 2 arms acting singly) strength was similar for isometric and slow isokinetic maximal voluntary contractions (MVC); at high velocities BL MVC declined more than UL. In both types of contractions a curvilinear relation was observed between strength and velocity, with significantly higher peak torques (PT) being produced under isometric conditions than for slow velocity efforts (p〈0.01). Mean declines in PT during 100 repetitive MVCs of approximately 70s were to 25% of initial values for the BL fatigue test and to 37% for UL (p〈0.01). In contrast to results of a similar investigation of leg extension in the same subjects, the arms showed (1) no BL deficit of strength in the initial part of the strength-velocity curve and (2) approximately twice as much fatigue in repetitive contractions. These physiological differences may stem from the varying habitual activity patterns of the arms and legs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00640644
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypertrophy without increased isometric strength after weight training (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 64 (1992), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Muscle size ; Strength training ; Contractile properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight men (20–23 years) weight trained 3 days week−1 for 19 weeks. Training sessions consisted of six sets of a leg press exercise (simultaneous hip and knee extension and ankle plantar flexion) on a weight machine, the last three sets with the heaviest weight that could be used for 7–20 repetitions. In comparison to a control group (n = 6) only the trained group increased (P〈0.01) weight lifting performance (heaviest weight lifted for one repetition, 29%), and left and right knee extensor cross-sectional area (CAT scanning and computerized planimetry, 11%, P〈0.05). In contrast, training caused no increase in maximal voluntary isometric knee extension strength, electrically evoked knee extensor peak twitch torque, and knee extensor motor unit activation (interpolated twitch method). These data indicate that a moderate but significant amount of hypertrophy induced by weight training does not necessarily increase performance in an isometric strength task different from the training task but involving the same muscle group. The failure of evoked twitch torque to increase despite hypertrophy may further indicate that moderate hypertrophy in the early stage of strength training may not necessarily cause an increase in intrinsic muscle force generating capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376440
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of strength training and immobilization on human muscle fibres (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 43 (1980), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Fast and slow twitch fibres ; Weight training ; Hypertrophy ; Immobilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seven healthy male subjects were studied under control conditions and following 5–6 months of heavy resistance training and 5–6 weeks of immobilization in elbow casts. Cross-sectional fibre areas and nuclei-to-fibre ratios were calculated from cryostat sections of needle biopsies taken from triceps brachii. Training resulted in a 98% increase in maximal elbow extension strength as measured by a Cybex dynamometer, while immobilization resulted in a 41% decrease in strength. Both fast twitch (FT) and slow twitch (ST) fibre areas increased significantly with training by 39% and 31%, respectively. Immobilization resulted in significant decreases in fibre area by 33% for FT and 25% for ST fibres. The observed nuclei-to-fibre ratio was 10% greater following the training programme. However, this change was non-significant. There was also a nonsignificant correlation between the magnitude of the changes in fibre size and the changes in maximal strength following either training or immobilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421352
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