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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Bicoid activity ; Heterospecific transplantation ; bicoid orthologous homeobox fragments ; Calliphoridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to test for bicoid-like activity in insects other than Drosophila melanogaster, anterior egg cytoplasm from the following species was injected into cleavage stage embryos from mutant D. melanogaster lacking a functional bicoid (bcd) product: six other Drosophila species, the housefly, three blowfly species, the primitive cyclorrhaphic dipteran Megaselia, and the honeybee Apis mellifera; preliminary tests were made with four lower dipterans (Nematocera). Rescue effects were only observed with the drosophilids, housefly, and two of the three blowfly species. Rescue was stronger with the drosophilids than with the other flies as donors. Where checked (D. pseudoobscura), a positive correlation was found between the amount of cytoplasm injected and the number of pattern elements formed, suggesting threshold effects upon target genes as with the endogenous bcd product. By polymerase chain reaction, fragments from a bcd-orthologous homeobox were cloned from the three blowfly species. The derived sequence of 43 amino acids was identical in all blowflies and the housefly but differed at 4 positions from the orthologous D. melanogaster sequence. Localization of the mRNA recognized by the respective fragments in the blowflies Lucilia and Phormia resembled that known from D. melanogaster, while Calliphora — the blowfly species lacking rescue activity —showed remarkable differences of localization in both ovarian follicles and the deposited egg cell. This surprising divergence within a morphologically rather uniform family of cyclorrhaphic dipterans should be of interest from both functional and evolutionary points of view.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 167-179 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell shape dynamics ; Gastrulation ; Amnion ; Serosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Embryogenesis in the beetle Tribolium is of increasing interest to both molecular and evolutionary biology because it differs from the Drosophila paradigm by its type of segment specification (short- vs. long-germ) and by the extensive epithelial envelopes – amnion and serosa – that are typical of most insects but not of higher dipterans. Using scanning electron microscopy of DAPI staged embryos we document development in Tribolium castaneum from blastoderm to completion of the envelopes, recording many details not otherwise accessible; we also provide a time table of the respective stages at 30°C. The nascent blastoderm cells remain basally confluent with the yolksac until after the 13th (=last synchronous) mitotic cycle. The cells in the prospective serosa – the first domain to segregate visibly from the uniform blastoderm – carry surface protrusions likely to contact the overlying vitelline envelope. The embryonic rudiment, the other (and larger) blastodermal domain, gives rise to amnion and germ anlage. In the latter, visible differentiation begins with a ”primitive pit” reminiscent of the posterior midgut rudiment of Drosophila. The subsequent invagination of the mesoderm resembles Drosophila gastrulation, except in the head region where the median groove extends through the entire preoral region. The prospective amnion starts differing visibly from the germ anlage during early gastrulation. It then folds underneath the spreading serosa and, advancing with the latter, closes the amniotic cavity at the ventral face of the germband. The largest (=posterior) amniotic fold covers a crestlike protrusion of the yolksac. Together with marked changes in the shape and arrangement of the amnion cells, this protrusion may contribute to the fold’s elevation and early progress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Eggs of the blowflyProtophormia spec. were separated into anterior and posterior fragments of varying sizes. The operations were carried out between oviposition and the blastoderm stage. The partial larvae produced by the fragments were scored for the cuticular pattern they had formed. 2. The cuticle of the 1st instar larva carries 11 denticle belts which correspond to the anterior borders of the thoracic and abdominal body segments. These are considered the elements of a linear longitudinal pattern which starts with the head region. 3. Egg fragments of the sizes studied did not produce the complete cuticular pattern. 4. If denticle belts were present on the partial larvae formed in egg fragments, these always included the corresponding terminal pattern element (no. 1 in anterior, no. 11 in posterior fragments). Bigger partial patterns from anterior fragments may have any belt up to no. 10 as their most posterior belt, posterior partial patterns may start anteriorly with any belt up to no. 1, i.e. behind the head region. 5. After fragmentation during early stages of development, all eggs fail to form some pattern elements. Fragmentation thus causes a gap in the pattern. Extent and position within the pattern of this gap depend on level and stage of fragmentation. 6. With increasing egg age (developmental stage) at fragmentation, the gap in the cuticular pattern becomes progressively smaller. Eggs fragmented during or after formation of the blastodermal cell walls as a rule form all pattern elements. 7. The progressive reduction of the gap in the cuticular pattern is due to formation of bigger sets of pattern elements inboth partner fragments. I.e. on the average an anterior or posterior fragment of given size will produce more pattern elements if separated from the rest of the egg at a later stage than if separated early. 8. In order to produce a given set of pattern elements, a fragment needs to be bigger on the average when separated early than when separated later on. This applies to both anteriorand posterior fragments of the fragmentation levels studied. 9. According to these results, the egg ofProtophormia cannot be considered a mosaic of determinants for the different pattern elements at oviposition. The developmental fate of at least the more equatorial egg regions appears to become specified epigenetically during the period between oviposition and blastoderm formation. 10. Once the egg has become subdivided into blastoderm cells, it reacts as a developmental mosaic with respect to the pattern studied. 11. Preliminary results inDrosophila are compatible with these conclusions. 12. The results are compared to those obtained from other insect groups, and formal models for their interpretation are discussed. Pattern specification by interaction of terminal egg regions can be considered the common denominator for a number of egg types. 13. The results demonstrate that formally comparable processes of pattern formation occur in different insect egg types at different stages of development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 233-248 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic architecture ; Ultrastructure ; Insect egg ; Pattern formation ; Yolk ; Cytoplasma-Architektur ; Ultrastruktur ; Insekten-Ei ; Musterbildung ; Dotter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Das Ei der ZuckmückeSmittia spec. wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt den Bau des Periplasmas und des Dotter-Endoplasma-Systems vor Bildung der Polzellen. 2. Das Periplasma, nach außen vom Oolemm und einer mehrschichtigen Eihülle begrenzt, besteht aus einer ribosomenreichen cytoplasmatischen Matrix, in die vor allem Mitochondrien und ER-Zisternen, wenig annulate lamellae und gelegentlich Golgi-Apparate eingelagert sind. Mikrotubuli wurden nur selten nachgewiesen. Öfters sind Anhäufungen einer dichten granulierten Substanz zu beobachten, die in ihrer Struktur dem Oosom-Material ähnelt. 3. Das Dotter-Endoplasma-System stellt ein Netzwerk aus Cytoplasma dar, in das Proteid-Dotterkugeln, Lipidtröpfchen sowie Glycogen-Anhäufungen eingelagert sind. Das Endoplasma, das sich zu 3–7 Plasma-Inseln erweitern kann und unmittelbar in das Periplasma übergeht, besteht wie dieses aus einer cytoplasmatischen Matrix und enthält die gleichen Zellelemente wie das Periplasma. Rosettenförmige Membran-Strukturen werden als “nuclear envelope organizing center” gedeutet. 4. Drei der sorgfältig analysierten Eier enthielten je 2 Kerne; sie lagen in Plasma-Inseln in der hinteren Eihälfte. 5. Sowohl im Periplasma wie im Dotter-Endoplasma-System sind alle Zellelemente unregelmäßig verteilt. Eine besondere Anordnung oder Zonierung ist nicht zu erkennen. 6. Die räumliche Verteilung der erfaßten Eikomponenten liefert keine Hinweise auf eine Funktion dieser Komponenten als Determinanten für die embryonale Musterbildung.
    Notes: Summary 1. Eggs of the midgeSmittia were investigated by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. This paper describes elements and architecture of periplasm and yolk endoplasm before the formation of pole cells. 2. The periplasm is coated externally by the oolemma and a multilayered egg shell. The periplasm consists of a cytoplasmic matrix rich in ribosomes; it contains mitochondria and ER cisternae, some annulate lamellae and an occasional Golgi complex. Microtubuli were demonstrated only rarely. Accumulations of a dense granulated substance resembling in its structure the oosome material were frequently observed. 3. The yolk endoplasm is a cytoplasmic network embodying proteid yolk particles, lipid droplets and accumulations of glycogen. The endoplasm is continuous with the periplasm and shows the same cell constituents. It may form between 3 and 7 cytoplasmic islands free of yolk particles. Rosette-shaped membranous structures in the yolk endoplasm are interpreted as nuclear envelope organizing centres. 4. Three carefully analysed eggs contained 2 nuclei each. both nuclei were situated in the posterior egg half. 5. Periplasm and yolk endoplasm are characterized by random distribution of cell elements. No zonation or special accumulations could be recognized. 6. The spatial distribution of the egg components studied did not indicate that any of these components could function as a determinant in embryonic pattern formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 203 (1993), S. 121-123 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 375-375 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 172 (1973), S. 175-186 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Das Ei der ZuckmückeSmittia wurde licht-und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt den Bau von Vorder-und Hinterpolregion vor Bildung der Polzellen. Diese Regionen wurden wegen ihrer Bedeutung für die Bildung des Segmentmusters und der Polzellen ausgewählt. 2. Das vordere Zytoplasma (Region I) kann in 3 Subregionen gegliedert werden. Eine dünne Außenschicht (Ia), die dem äquatorialen Periplasma (Region II) ähnelt, aber weniger Organellen enthält, bedeckt eine Schicht mit vielen Mitochondrien (Ib). An diese schließt sich ein zentraler Zytoplasmazapfen an (Ic), der von vorn in das Dotter-Endoplasmasystem hineinragt und häufig einen Cytaster ohne Chromatin enthält. 3. Das hintere Zytoplasma (Region III) enthält ein Keimplasma oder Oosom des Typs, der von anderen niederen Dipteren bekannt ist. Es ist linsenförmig und wird von einem 3-di-mensionalen Netzwerk aus elektronendichter Substanz durchzogen. Dieses Material ist vermutlich granulär, kann aber infolge der Anordnung der Grana fibrillär erscheinen. 4. Es wird eine Serie von multivesiculären und lysosomen-artigen Organellen beschrieben, die möglicherweise mit dem Aufoder Abbau des Proteiddotters verknüpft sind. 5. Besondere, auf den Vorderpolbereich beschränkte Strukturen oder Organellen wurden nicht gefunden. Dies könnte bedeuten, daß die Rolle dieser Region bei der UV-induzierten Umsteuerung von Kopf zu Schwanzbildung eher auf Unterschieden in Menge oder Anordnung normaler Zellstrukturen beruht, als auf qualitativen Unterschieden zwischen dem Vorderpolbereich und den übrigen Eiregionen. Qualitative Besonderheiten des Vorderpolbereichs sind jedoch nicht auszuschließen. Der Hinterpolbereich enthält als solche Besonderheit das Oosom.
    Notes: Summary 1. The egg of the Chironomid midgeSmittia spec. has been studied by light and electron microscopy. The present paper describes the fine structure of the anterior and posterior pole regions before pole cell formation. These regions were selected because of their functional involvement in body pattern determination and pole cell formation. 2. In the anterior cytoplasm (region I), 3 subregions can be recognized. A thin outer layer (Ia) which resembles the more equatorial periplasm (region II) but contains fewer organelles, covers a layer rich in mitochondria (Ib). This in turn borders a central cone of cytoplasm (Ic) which protrudes into the anterior face of the yolk endoplasm and frequently contains a cytaster-like structure but no chromatin. 3. The posterior cytoplasm (region III) includes a germ plasm or oosome similar to the type found in other lower dipterans. It is lens-shaped and contains a 3-dimensional network of electron-dense material. This material is probably granular, but may appear fibrous due to the spatial arrangement of the granules. 4. A series of organelles of multivesicular or lysosome-like appearance is described. These may be involved in the formation or utilization of proteid yolk. 5. Special structures or organelles restricted to the anterior pole region were not found. This might indicate that the role of this region in the switch from head formation to tail formation after UV irradiation could be due rather to differences in quantity or arrangement of ubiquitous structures than to qualitative differences between this and other egg regions. However, qualitative singularities cannot be excluded. They are obvious in the posterior pole region which contains the oosome.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Insect embryogenesis ; Pattern formation ; Double abdomen ; UV irradiation ; Photoreversal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pattern anomaly double abdomen was induced in embryos of Bradysia tritici (syn. Sciara ocellaris) by irradiation of the anterior egg pole with far UV (254 or 285 nm) using low UV fluences. The maximum yield of 18% of double abdomens was obtained when 2.5 h embryos were irradiated (late intravitelline cleavage stage); earlier irradiation failed to yield double abdomens, as did irradiations after the early syncytial blastoderm stage. Exposing irradiated embryos to photoreverting light (366 nm) reduced the yield of malformations. Most double abdomens were symmetrical and the number of segments ranged from 3 to 8 in each set, with the mean value at 6.4 segments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 201 (1992), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Honeybee ; Embryogenesis ; Homeotic genes ; Deformed ; Antibody staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have raised antiserum against part of the Deformed (Dfd) protein of the honeybee and describe here the expression pattern of the Dfd protein during honeybee embryogenesis. Dfd protein is first stained in the prospective gnathal region of the cellular blastoderm. This circumferential band corresponds to the distribution of Dfd mRNA described earlier, and to the blastodermal Dfd expression pattern in Drosophila. Using an antibody against the engrailed (en) protein of Drosophila, we found that at the beginning of gastrulation Dfd expression in the honeybee, as in Drosophila, is restricted to the future intercalary, mandibular and maxillary segments. During gastrulation, the mesodermal nuclei loose the Dfd label gradually from anterior to posterior, and in the ectoderm the most posterior ventral cells loose Dfd while retaining en staining; thus, in contrast to what has been described for Drosophila, the posterior Dfd expression border seems to move forward ventrally to the parasegmental boundary within the maxillary segment. In the late germ band, the lateral tips of the Dfd-expressing band are connected across the dorsal side by a row of amnion cells with strongly staining large nuclei. After dorsal closure, a narrow stripe of Dfd-staining dorsal cells behind the neck region may indicate that the maxillary segment contributes to the dorsal body wall posterior to the head capsule. Thus, apart from some minor deviations, the Dfd expression pattern in the honeybee strongly resembles that in Drosophila prior to head involution. This is compatible with the assumption that head involution (which is a special adaption in higher dipterans) ensues after a rather conserved course of early head development in which Dfd appears to play a basic role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Cell Differentiation and Development 27 (1989), S. 116 
    ISSN: 0922-3371
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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