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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rod and cone components in the compound ERG of the beagle dog (1979)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 9 (1979), S. 294-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the dog ERG flash-induced activation of the rod receptors can be selectively investigated due to relatively poor photic excitability of the cone component. The ERG was produced in immobilized dogs using the method of Ganzfeld stimulation with white light flashes of 10 μsec duration. Relatively dim flashes ranging to about 100-fold above ERG threshold lead in the dark-adapted dog to selective activation of the rod receptors. This scotopic rod ERG consists of ERG positivity including ab wave with superimposed oscillations followed by a protracted potential, presumably thec wave. Light flashes exceeding 100-fold threshold luminance cause simultaneous activation of rod and cone receptors. ERG characteristics include appearance of an early negativity, thea wave, followed byb andc waves of reduced amplitudes. In the presence of a bright background luminance of 33 ftL bright light flashes cause an ERG resulting from selective cone activation. This photopic cone ERG consists of a smalla wave followed by a smallb wave with oscillatory potentials and by marked subsequent late negativity. With increase in background luminance the late negativity increases in amplitude and occurs progressively earlier. The characteristics of the dog ERG allow selective assessment of functional changes in rod and cone receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01966704
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Procedures for routine clinical electroretinography (ERG) in dogs (1977)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 7 (1977), S. 347-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Following pupillary dilatation and immobilization of the dog with a cataleptic drug (I-Polamivet, Hoechst) the electroretinogram (ERG) was performed with the technique of Ganzfeld stimulation. The head of the dog was kept within a sphere of 60 cm diameter, the white inner surface of which could be indirectly illuminated with a stroboscope producing light flashes of 10 μsec duration. The ERG was recorded oscillographically by means of modified contact lenses. Dogs were tested for rod and cone function with luminance curves including white, blue and red stimuli and with trains of repetitive photic stimuli. Tests were performed under dark and light adaptation. The ERG of the dark-adapted dog, an indicator for the electrical activity of the rod system, was similar with that of man with respect to configuration and other characteristics. The electrical activity of the cone system was different from that of man by having a 10-fold lower sensitivity and a reduced capability for discrimination of red versus blue or white stimuli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01969567
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECTS OF NICOTINE ADMINISTRATION TO THE CAT'S LOWER BRAIN STEM UPON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM AND AUTONOMIC SYSTEM (1967)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 142 (1967), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1967.tb13712.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single fiber electromyography. A method for the evaluation of motor axonopathy during toxicity studies in dogs (1981)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 11 (1981), S. 510-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In man, single fiber electromyography is used as a very sensitive indicator for the assessment of functional changes in motor nerves. The purpose of the present study was to adapt the above testing procedure to allow repeated investigations of dogs used in subchronic toxicity tests. Experiments were performed on anesthetized purebred beagle dogs. Action potentials from single muscle fibers in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves were recorded with Medelec microelectrodes, amplified with a Medelec system and monitored on a Tektronix oscilloscope. Repeated clectrical stimulation with pulses of 0.03 msec and 1 p.p.s. produced characteristic action potentials of single muscle fibers consisting of a positive, followed by a negative, deflection having a duration of from 500 to 800 μsec altogether. Successive potentials occurred with a variable latency (the jitter) ranging from±5 to 15 μsec. Quantitative evaluation of the jitter will allow the clinical evaluation of motor axonopathies in dogs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02004714
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What can specific behavioural testing procedures contribute to the assessment of neurotoxicity in laboratory animals? (1984)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 14 (1984), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Subchronic testing of laboratory animals in accordance with present regulatory guidelines involves maximum exposure with the chemical under investigation and serves for the evaluation of systemic toxicity as well as of lesions in organs and organ systems, including neurotoxicity. The primary assessment of neurotoxicity is essentially based on the overall observation of animal behaviour in the course of the customary toxicity studies and on the subsequent neuropathological evaluation with contemporary techniques. Under this maximum exposure the absence of symptoms and signs of neural abnormalities indicates that the material testd would be devoid of neurotoxicity. Any overt or suspicious symptoms for neurotoxicity appearing in the course of subchronic testing may be further characterized with additional functional tests such as neurological examination, electrodiagnostics and possibly with specific behavioural tests. The subsequent neuropathological investigation would have to be expanded to include a detailed evaluation of all neural structures possibly related with the above functional derangements. In case of relevant neurotoxicity subsequent specific behavioural tests might include the evaluation of complex neural functions such as integrated psycho-neuro-motor activity and memory. These behavioural tests might help to explain neurotoxicity and to assess behaviour at low levels of exposure. The implementation of such specific behavioural testing procedures beyond the scope of routine toxicity studies would require a group of investigators capable to earry out appropriate tests. The introduction of such testing will therefore have to be evaluated competitively regarding costs versus the advantages offered by the refinement of the other testing procedures for neurotoxicity including the neuropathological techniques. The performance of behavioural tests without preceding or concomitant toxicological evaluation is not considered to be a feasible approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01966846
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electroretinography in rats (1988)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 24 (1988), S. 395-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Basic mechanisms of the rat ERG were reinvestigated with contemporary methods of recording and photic stimulation via an optic fiber system connected with a contact lens. Flash stimulation and background illuminance were performed with photometrically defined light stimuli. ERGs recorded in darkness, from dark adapted rats, were similar with those observed in earlier work in which light flashes of much longer duration had been used. Flash stimulation carried out under stepwise increased background illuminance gave new information on the characteristics of oscillatory potentials of the ERG. In general the present observations agreed with the notion that the rods of the rat retina are as sensitive as in man, whereas the cones are functionally less efficient with respect to light sensitivity and temporal resolution. Differences in function of the cones from rat to man have to be kept in mind when using the rat ERG as a model for risk assessment in safety studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02028299
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensory and motor maximum nerve conduction velocity in the peripheral and central nervous system of the beagle dog (1982)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 12 (1982), S. 566-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sensory maximum nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and motor MNCV were monitored in altogether 14 beagle dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbital. Sensory MNCV was determined by averaging cortically evoked potentials from somatosensory area I (SS I) in response to repeated electrical stimulation of digital paw pads, tibial nerve at calcaneus or sciatic nerve at trochanter. Sensory MNCV determined from paw to tibial nerve at calcaneous was 53 m/sec, from tibial nerve at calcaneus to sciatic nerve at trochanter 64 m/sec and from sciatic nerve at trochanter to cortex SS I 53 m/sec. Motor peripheral MNCV determined in the customary way from sciatic nerve at trochanter to tibial nerve at calcaneus was 68 m/sec and distal latency 3.6 msec. Motor central MNCV from motor cortex to the sciatic nerve at the trochanter in 5 unanaesthetized dogs was 57 m/sec. These testing procedures serve for quantitative assessment of possible impairment of impulse transmission in the central and peripheral sensory and motor pathway of beagle dogs used in routine toxicity studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965943
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyridoxine neuropathy: Correlation of functional tests and neuropathology in beagle dogs treated with large doses of vitamin B6 (1982)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 12 (1982), S. 575-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurologic examination, electrophysiologic testing and microscopic post-mortem examination was used to study the neuropathy induced in the beagle dog by administration of excessive amounts of vitamin B6. Two female dogs received repeated daily oral doses of 3 g. The treatment was ceased when the dogs developed severe general morbidity, including uncoordinated gait and abnormal neurologic symptoms. The symptoms were most severe during and early after cessation of treatment, and in general they regressed during the subsequent 3 months of treatment-free observation. Sensory central and peripheral maximum nerve conduction velocity started to decrease after a considerable delay; the decrease progressed until late after termination of treatment and failed to fully regress. Morphologic lesions were confined to large, first order sensory neurons. The neurologic examination thus revealed the early changes, while electrodiagnostics and microscopic neuropathology were indicators of more advanced stages of toxic neuropathy and disclosed selective lesions in individuals whose gait appeared to be unremarkable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965944
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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