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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 43 (1994), S. 159-167 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Erholung, postoperative – Epiduralanästhesie – Allgemeinanästhesie – Propofol ; Key words: Anaesthesia recovery period – Anaesthesia, epidural – Anaesthesia, general – Propofol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Early mental and psychomotor recovery was studied in 67 patients undergoing colorectal surgery under continuous epidural anaesthesia and light general anaesthesia using propofol, halothane, and midazolam/fentanyl. The study was approved by the local ethics commitee. All patients received epidural anaesthesia with 0.25% bupivacaine and were then randomly allocated to one of three groups. In group I (halothane), light general anaesthesia was induced with thiopental 3 – 5 mg/kg and maintained with halothane. The propofol group (II) received 2 mg/kg for induction and a mean continuous infusion of 1.7 mg/kg⋅h. In group III (Mi/Fe), midazolam and fentanyl were used for induction and maintenance. All patients were intubated, received non-depolarising muscle relaxants, and were manually ventilated with nitrous oxide-oxygen (2 : 1.2). For postoperative analgesia, 0.05 mg/kg morphine was administrated epidurally 30 min before the end of the operation; 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after arriving in the recovery room, vigilance was assessed using a modified Steward score, the Trieger test, the ability to recall a column of numbers (KAI test), and symbol counting (CI test). Heart rate, blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and blood gases were recorded. Results. The three groups were comparable with regard to age, sex, ASA classification, and duration of anaesthesia and operation (Table 3). There was no difference between the groups in performance of the recovery tests (Figs. 2 – 5), blood pressure, heart rate, arterial blood gas analysis (Fig. 6), or oxygen saturation. Comparing pre- and postoperative values, we found severe psychomotor and mental impairment in all groups. pCO2 was slightly elevated in all groups, but only 3 patients in the propofol group and 6 in the midazolam/fentanyl group developed hypercapnia above 50 mm Hg. Patients receiving propofol or midazolam/fentanyl had significantly less postoperative nausea and vomiting than those receiving halothane (Table 5). Conclusion. It is concluded that propofol offers no advantage over halothane or midazolam/fentanyl where early postoperative recovery is concerned. Intraoperatively, all three techniques provided good anaesthesia. Propofol and midazolam/fentanyl caused less postoperative nausea and vomiting than halothane anaesthesia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Bei 67 Patienten, die sich einem Koloneingriff in kontinuierlicher Epiduralanästhesie und leichter Allgemeinanästhesie unterzogen hatten, wurde das postoperative Aufwachverhalten untersucht. In Gruppe I (Halothan) wurde die Allgemeinanästhesie mit Thiopental eingeleitet und mit Halothan aufrechterhalten. Propofol wurde in Gruppe II zur Einleitung und Aufrechterhaltung der Anästhesie verwendet. Gruppe III (Mi/Fe) erhielt eine Midazolam/Fentanyl-Anästhesie. Zur postoperativen Analgesie erhielten die Patienten etwa 30 min vor OP-Ende 0,05 mg/kg Morphin epidural. 30, 60, 90 und 120 min nach Ankunft der Patienten im Aufwachraum wurde die Vigilanz mit einem modifizierten Steward-Score, dem Punkteverbindungstest nach Trieger, dem KAI-Test und dem C.I.-Test erfaßt. Dabei zeigten sich zu keinem Zeitpunkt Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Der Vergleich prä- und postoperativer Werte zeigte jeweils eine deutliche Beeinträchtigung der mentalen und psychomotorischen Leistungsfähigkeit. Nach Propofol und Midazolam/Fentanyl traten Übelkeit und Erbrechen seltener auf als nach Halothan.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Postoperative Übelkeit ; Komplikationen ; postoperative ; Risikofaktoren ; Risikoscore ; ROC-Kurven ; Key words Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) ; Postoperative complications ; Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve ; Risk factors ; Risk score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: A risk score to predict postoperative vomiting was presented in a recent issue of this journal. In the present study this score was evaluated at another hospital under different surgical and anaesthetic conditions. Furthermore, we examined whether the score, which was originally designed to predict the occurrence of postoperative vomiting (POV) only, is also useful for prediction of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Methods: The risk score was applied to 226 patients undergoing inpatient orthopaedic surgery under standardised general anaesthesia (propofol, desflurane in N2O/O2, fentanyl, vecuronium, postoperative opioid analgesia). For 24 hours postoperatively, the patients were followed up for the occurrence of nausea, retching, and vomiting. Perioperatively, risk factors for POV were recorded (gender, age, smoking habits, history of previous PONV or motion sickness, duration of anaesthesia). Using these risk factors the individual risk for suffering POV was calculated for each patient. With these data two ROC-curves (for prediction of POV and PONV respectively) were constructed and the area under the ROC-curve (AUC) as a means of the prediction probabilities of the score was calculated. Results: The incidence of POV as predicted by the score (22,8%) fits well to the actual incidence of this event (19,5%). The score predicts the occurrence of POV significantly better than can be expected by a random estimation. In spite of different surgical and anaesthetic conditions, the accuracy of the prediction in the present dataset was not significantly different from that reported by the authors of the scores in their validation set. Furthermore, the prediction properties for POV (AUC: 0,73) were not different from the prediction of PONV (AUC: 0,72). Conclusion: The present risk score provides valid prognostic results even under modified surgical and anaesthetic conditions, and, thus, may obviously be applied to other institutions. Furthermore our results support the hypothesis, that individual risk factors rather than the type of surgery or anaesthetic management have a major impact on the occurrence of POV and PONV.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Kürzlich wurde in dieser Zeitschrift ein Risikoscore zur Vorhersage von Erbrechen nach Inhalationsanästhesien vorgestellt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde dieser Risikoscore einer externen Evaluation unter veränderten operativen und anästhesiologischen Rahmenbedingungen unterzogen. Darüber hinaus wurde untersucht, ob sich der vorliegende Score, der ursprünglich nur zur Vorhersage postoperativen Erbrechens (PE) entwickelt wurde, auch zur Prädiktion von Übelkeit und Erbrechen in der postoperativen Phase (PONV) eignet. Methodik: Bei 226 Patienten, die sich in standardisierter Allgemeinanästhesie einer elektiven orthopädischen Operation unterzogen, wurden prospektiv Risikofaktoren für das Auftreten von PE erhoben (Alter, Geschlecht, Raucherstatus, anamnestisches PONV oder Reisekrankheit, Anästhesiedauer). Anhand dieser Angaben wurde später mit Hilfe des Risikoscores das persönliche Risiko für PE berechnet. Postoperativ wurde innerhalb eines 24-stündigen Beobachtungszeitraums das tatsächliche Auftreten von PE (Würgen und/oder Erbrechen) bzw. PONV (Übelkeit und/oder Würgen oder Erbrechen) erfaßt. Anhand dieser Informationen wurden zwei ROC-Kurven erstellt und die Fläche darunter (AUC) als Maß für die Vorhersagegenauigkeit statistisch miteinander verglichen. Ergebnisse: Die durch den Score vorhergesagte PE-Inzidenz (22,8%) deckt sich gut mit der tatsächlichen Inzidenz von PE (19,5%). Der Score sagt darüber hinaus das Auftreten von Erbrechen signifikant besser voraus als eine zufällige Vorhersage (AUC: 0,73). Die Vorhersagegenauigkeit unterscheidet sich trotz unterschiedlicher chirurgischer und anästhesiologischer Rahmenbedingungen nicht signifikant von der, die von den Autoren des Scores an einem Kontrolldatensatz ihrer Klinik bestimmt wurde. Der Score prognostiziert darüber hinaus das Auftreten von Übelkeit und Erbrechen (AUC: 0,72) genauso zuverlässig wie Erbrechen allein. Schlußfolgerung: Der vorliegende Risikoscore liefert auch unter abgeänderten Ausgangsbedingungen valide Vorhersageergebnisse und scheint somit auf andere Krankenhäuser übertragbar zu sein. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse stützen die Hypothese von Apfel et al., daß für das Erbrechenrisiko nach balancierter Anästhesie mit volatilen Anästhetika in erster Linie individuelle Faktoren und weniger die Operation bzw. das anästhesiologische Management verantwortlich sind.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Eventrationssyndrom – Anästhesie, allgemein, epidural – Bauchchirurgie – Prostacyclin – Ibuprofen ; Key words: Mesenteric traction syndrome – Anaesthesia, epidural, general – Prostacyclin – Abdominal surgery – Ibuprofen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Abdominal mesenteric traction (MT) results in decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and increased cardiac output (CO) [24, 25, 28]. This response is induced by a considerable release of prostacyclin (PGI2) [12, 26, 27]. Precipitous falls in systemic arterial pressure related to central and/or autonomic nervous reflex arcs also have been described during operations on the upper abdominal viscera [14, 22, 29, 30]. Those hypotensive responses to visceral traction appear to be transmitted along afferent fibres contained within the splanchnic nerves [17]. We investigated the influence of supplementary thoracic epidural anaesthesia on mesenteric traction response during major abdominal surgery. Methods. With the approval of the Human Investigation Review Board we studied 40 patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery (infrarenal aortic, gastrointestinal and pancreatic surgery) according to a prospective, randomized double-blinded protocol. Patients were randomized to two different anaesthetic regimens. Patients in group 1 received general anaesthesia (GA n=20) with 0.1 – 0.15 mg/kg midazolam and 10 µg/kg fentanyl prior to skin incision. Maintenance included 65% nitric oxide in oxygen and 0.1 mg increments of fentanyl as required. Group 2 patients (EA n=20) underwent a combined technique of dose-reduced general anaesthesia and supplementary continuous, thoracic epidural anaesthesia (bupivacaine 0.25%, sensory blockade T4 to L1-3). In both anaesthesia groups ibuprofen (400 mg i.v.) or a placebo equivalent was administered 15 min before the induction of anaesthesia. MT was applied in a uniform fashion. Baseline values preceded the incision of the peritoneum. Further assessments followed 5, 15 and 30 min after MT. The plasma concentrations of 6-keto-PGF1α (stable metabolite of PGI2), TXB2 (stable metabolite of thromboxan), PGF2α, KH2-PGF2α (stable metabolite of PGF2α) were determined by radioimmunoassay. At all assessments we recorded systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and measured arterial blood gases. Statistical analyses were performed using three-factor ANOVA for repeated measurements after log(x) transformation. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant when the Bonferroni-Holm adjustment was applied. Results. Patients with supplementary epidural anaesthesia demonstrated lower systolic (P=0.0001) and diastolic (P=0.006) blood pressure than those in the GA group. Nevertheless, in untreated patients in the EA and GA group there was a significant decrease of about 20 – 30% in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.0001) after mesenteric traction. Irrespective of the anaesthetic procedure, paO2 (P=0.0001) decreased after mesenteric traction in the placebo group. The control patients in the GA group exhibited a more pronounced increase in heart rate after MT. After traction on the mesentery a significant 20- to 30-fold increase in 6-keto-PGF1α plasma concentrations occurred in the placebo group: GA group 1950/58 (5 min), 1574/59 (15 min) 858/66 (30 min) ng/l, P〈0.0001; EA group: 2002/106 (5 min), 2955/107 (15 min) 1807/70 (30 min) ng/l, P〈0.0001, for placebo vs ibuprofen. There was no statistically significant difference between the two anaesthetic procedures used. In ibuprofen-pretreated patients haemodynamics and paO2 values were stable, while 6-keto-PGF1α plasma concentrations remained within the normal range. Conclusion. Our data clearly indicate that the mesenteric traction response consists in relevant haemodynamic alterations and a significant decrease of paO2. Stable haemodynamics and paO2 following cyclooxygenase inhibition signify an action mediated by prostacyclin. Deafferentiation of the splanchnic nerves by supplementary thoracic epidural anaesthesia did not influence either prostacyclin release or the decrease in blood pressure and paO2 after traction on the mesentery root. A central nervous or sympatho-adrenergic reflex arc transmitted along afferent fibers of the splanchnic nerves seems to be unlikely as a pathophysiological determinant of mesenteric traction response.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist der Einfluß einer thorakalen Epiduralanästhesie auf die Pathophysiologie des Eventrationssyndroms. 40 Patienten, die sich einem großen abdominellen Eingriff unterziehen mußten, wurden in einem prospektiv randomisierten Doppelblind-Protokoll untersucht. Als Narkoseverfahren wählten wir, randomisiert, entweder eine Allgemeinanästhesie (AA) mit Midazolam/Fentanyl oder eine Kombinationstechnik mit einer dosisreduzierten AA und einer kontinuierlichen thorakalen Katheterepiduralanästhesie (EA) mit 0,25%iger Bupivacainlösung (sensible Blockade Th4-L1-3). Die Patienten in beiden Narkosegruppen erhielten 15 min vor Narkoseeinleitung 400 mg Ibuprofen i.v. bzw. ein Plazeboaliquot. Zu vier Untersuchungszeitpunkten (vor, 5, 15, 30 min nach Eventration) registrierten wir den systolischen, diastolischen Blutdruck und die Herzfrequenz. Darüber hinaus bestimmten arterielle Blutgase sowie radioimmunologisch 6-keto-PGF1α (stabiler Metabolit des Prostacyclin, PGI2). Bei beiden Narkoseverfahren zeigte sich ein Abfall des systolischen und diastolischen Blutdruckes (p=0,0001) um ca. 20 – 30% nach Eventration in der Kontrollgruppe. Der Anstieg der Herzfrequenz nach Eventration war bei Patienten mit einer AA wesentlich ausgeprägter. Unabhängig von der Narkosetechnik, jedoch in Abhängigkeit von der Ibuprofenapplikation zeigte sich ein Abfall des paO2 (p=0,0001) nach Eventration in der Plazebogruppe. Narkoseunabhängig verhielten sich mit Ibuprofen vorbehandelte Patienten hämodynamisch stabil und wiesen einen konstanten arteriellen Sauerstoffpartialdruck auf. In der Kontrollgruppe waren die oben aufgezeigten Veränderungen bereits 5 min nach Eventration von einem Anstieg der Plasmakonzentrationen des 6-keto-PGF1α um das 20 – 30fache begleitet, in der AA-Gruppe im Median auf 1950/58 und in der EA-Gruppe auf 2002/106 ng/l (p〈0,0001, Plazebo vs. Verum). Es bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den zwei Narkosetechniken. Diese Daten zeigen, daß eine thorakale Epiduralanästhesie mit der Sensibilitätsgrenze Th4 – L1-3 keinen klinisch relevanten Einfluß auf die Inzidenz und Ausprägung eines Eventrationssyndroms nimmt. Somato-viszerale und sympatho-adrenerge Reflexbögen als pathophysiologische Derminanten sind in diesem Zusammenhang zu vernachlässigen.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 44 (1995), S. 24-36 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Thorakale Epiduralanästhesie – Epidurographie – CT-Epidurographie – Epiduralraum – Schienenstrangphänomen – Plica mediana dorsalis ; Key words: Epidural anaesthesia – Epidural space – Epidurography – CT epidurography – Rail-road-track phenomenon – Plica mediana dorsalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Epidurography with contrast medium is used to verify the correct poition of an epidural catheter and to detect malpositioning. There is great variability in the distribution of contrast medium according to the individual morphology of the epidural space and the way it is injected. Results of investigations of the anatomy of the spinal canal and epidural space performed with anatomic specimens, epiduroscopy, and conventional and computed tomographic (CT) epidurography are sometimes contradictory. We have performed CT epidurography in approximately 30 patients to date. Insights regarding the distribution of contrast medium in the epidural space can help to interpret conventional epidurographies and to explain special features, such as the "rail-road-track phenomenon" or the plica mediana dorsalis. Methods. Patients scheduled for major abdominal operations were studied. Catheters were introduced into the thoracic epidural space on the day before the operation. Conventional epidurographies were performed routinely after insertion of the catheters with a mobile X-ray apparatus, usually in the recovery room, using 5 ml iopamidol (Solutrast 250 M). Selected patients (good mental state and stable psychic condition), after written consent and with approval of the local ethical committee, were investigated with CT epidurography using the same contrast medium (partly diluted). From among the CT scans performed until now, five characteristic images are presented and compared to conventional epidurographies. Results. When small volumes (5 mL) of iopamidol were injected slowly, we regularly observed a railroad-track phenomenon in the AP images of conventional epidurographies. After rapid injection of larger volumes (10 – 15 ml), the spread was more homogeneous and sometimes outline a lighter zone of contrast distribution in the midline. CT epidurography in these cases (5 out of 30 patients) revealed a plica mediana dorsalis. In the majority of the CT scans of the thoracic epidural space its anterior (ventral) compartment was unfilled by contrast medium. According to the findings of several investigators, dura mater and ligamentum longitudinale posterius have grown together, so that an epidural space does not exist in ventral thoracic segments of the spinal canal. In lower thoracic and lumbar segments both structures are separate, and a wide anterior epidural space was present and filled with contrast medium. In other cases the dorsal and dorsolateral epidural space was completely filled, but the contrast medium stopped behind the spinal nerves and surrounding dural sheaths, as if these structures, together with the connective tissue strands between them, formed a membrane that spread in a frontal plane. A railroad-track phenomenon is interpreted in the literature as the X-ray correlate of contrast medium spread in the subdural space, indicating an incorrect catheter position. According to conventional epidurographies and confirmed by CT scans, this feature is also seen regulary in cases with correct catheter position. Small volumes of iopamidol spread preferentially into the wider parts of the epidural space between the gaps of the vertebral arcs, whereas the dura mater and periosteal layers touch at the inner side of the pedicules and laminae, allowing the existence of only a potential epidural space. This rhythmic widening and narrowing of the epidural space is the explanation of the "railroad track" in AP contrast epidurographies. Conclusions. CT epidurography is a valuable tool to provide better insight into the morphology of the epidural space when filled with fluid (contrast medium, local anaesthetics), complementing findings using epiduroscopy and anatomic specimens. It stands to reason that this time- and cost-expensive method can never replace conventional epidurographies, but can help to interpret them properly.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. CT-Epidurographien nach Kontrastmittelinjektion wurden bei ca. 30 Patienten nach Anlage eines thorakalen Epiduralkatheters angefertigt. Diese wurden mit konventionellen Röntgenaufnahmen verglichen. Entsprechend der individuellen Morphologie des Epiduralraums gibt es unterschiedliche Kontrastmittelmuster bei der CT-Epidurographie, wobei typische Bilder immer wiederkehren. Schienenstrangphänomen: Dieses Bild bei konventionellen a.p.-Aufnahmen, in der Literatur meist als subdurale Katheterlage interpretiert, ist Ausdruck einer segmental rhythmisch wechselnden Kontrastmittelfüllung des lateralen Epiduralraums. Anteriorer Epiduralraum: Im thorakalen Teil des Wirbelkanals sind Dura mater und Ligamentum longitudinale posterius miteinander verwachsen, so daß hier kein ventraler Epiduralraum existiert, was auf konventionellen Röntgenbildern im lateralen Strahlengang durch fehlende Kontrastierung der vorderen Lamelle zu erkennen ist und in den CT-Scans verifiziert wird. Plica mediana dorsalis: Bei stärkerer Kontrastierung des Epiduralraums zeigt sich in manchen Fällen eine mediane Aufhellungszone in konventionellen a.p.-Epidurographien, die sich im CT-Scan als Plica mediana dorsalis herausstellt. Spinalnerven: In manchen CT-Scans sind dorsaler und dorsolateraler Epiduralraum prall mit Kontrastmittel gefüllt. Dieses stoppt aber hinter den Spinalnerven, so daß man annehmen muß, hier existiert eine in Frontalebene ausgespannte Membran, welche durch die Spinalnerven, das Spinalganglion, die umgebende Durascheide und durch Fortsetzungen des Ligamentum denticulatum gebildet wird. Die CT-Epidurographie ist eine wertvolle Methode, um neue Einsichten über die Morphologie des Epiduralraums zu erhalten. Sie kann die konventionelle Epidurographie nicht ersetzen (Strahlenbelastung, Aufwand, Kosten), aber die mit dieser Methode gewonnenen Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, konventionelle Epidurographien richtig zu interpretieren.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Intraartikuläres Morphin ; postoperative Analgesie ; Kniegelenksarthroskopie ; Key words Intraarticular morphine ; Knee arthroscopy ; Patient-controlled analgesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Previous studies investigating the peripheral action of locally instilled morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery found evidence for an analgesic effect. Follow-up studies have lead to conflicting results.We used patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) to test the analgesic potency of intraarticular morphine. Methods. Patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery under general anaesthesia received, after written informed consent and in double-blind and randomised manner, 1 mg morphine diluted in 10 ml saline either intraarticularly or intravenously at the end of the surgical procedure. A control injection of 10 ml saline was given at the other site. The pain intensity on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the cumulative morphine consumption were recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h after the end of general anaesthesia. Statistics: Wilcoxon rank sum test with P〈0.05. Results. A total of 59 patients were included in the study; 29 received morphine intraarticularly (verum group), 30 intravenously (control group). There was no difference in gender, age, duration of arthroscopy or anaesthesia. There were more than 60% diagnostic arthroscopies in both groups; other types of surgery were comparable, with the exception of cruciate band repair procedures only in the control group. We found no difference in morphine consumption or pain intensity between the two groups throughout the study period. Median overall consumption of morphine after 24 h was 14 mg in the verum group and 15 mg in the control group, with wide interindividual variation. Pain intensities were remarkably low. The peak pain intensity of both groups was found at 1 h postoperatively, with median 16/100 on the VAS in both groups. Blinding was robust. Conclusion. We found no reduction in postoperative morphine supplementation after 1 mg morphine intraarticularly compared to 1 mg intravenously given at the end of knee arthroscopies. There were also no differences in pain intensities on a VAS. We conclude that titration of postoperative pain with a morphine-filled PCA pump was unable to show a difference in analgesic potency between intraarticular and intravenous morphine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Vorstudien wurde über eine gute analgetische Wirksamkeit von intraartikulär verabreichtem Morphin nach Kniegelenksarthroskopien berichtet. Es war hierin ein Beleg für eine periphere opiatvermittelte Antinozizeption beim Menschen gesehen worden. Wir versuchten, diesen Befund über eine postoperative Nachtitration mit morphingefüllter patientenkontrollierter Analgesiepumpe nachzuvollziehen. Patienten, die sich in Intubationsnarkose arthroskopischen Kniegelenkseingriffen unterzogen, erhielten zum Eingriffsende doppelblind randomisiert eine Dosis von 1 mg Morphinhydrochlorid in 10 ml 0,9% NaCl-Lösung in das Kniegelenk (Verumgruppe) oder intravenös (Kontrollgruppe) appliziert. Postoperativ wurde über eine morphingefüllte PCA-Pumpe der Opiatverbrauch sowie zu vorgegebenen Meßzeitpunkten die subjektive Schmerzstärke auf der visuellen Analogskala (VAS) erhoben. Bei insgesamt 59 Patienten wurde die Studie durchgeführt, 29 in der Verum-, 30 in der Kontrollgruppe. Die beiden Gruppen wurden bezüglich Alter, Geschlecht, Eingriffsdauer sowie Eingriffsart als vergleichbar angesehen. Es konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied im Morphinverbrauch zu den Meßzeitpunkten bis maximal 24 h nach Narkoseende und kein signifikanter Unterschied in den Schmerzstärkeangaben auf der VAS gefunden werden. Sowohl Morphinverbrauch wie auch VAS-Angaben blieben bemerkenswert gering. Anhand einer Nachtitration mit Morphin über PCA-Pumpe konnte eine bessere analgetische Wirksamkeit von Morphin im Kniegelenk nach Arthroskopie im Vergleich zu einer intravenösen Applikation nicht belegt werden.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1452-1454 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Epidurography ; MRI ; CT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate and describe MRI epidurography as a new imaging tool. Five volunteers and one patient were investigated with MR epidurography after injection of 20 ml Gd-DPTA solution (1 : 250/1 ml Gd-DPTA/250 ml normal saline). Magnetic resonance epidurography is possible. With fat-suppression techniques, the contrast between Gd-DPTA solution in the epidural space and surrounding soft tissue proved adequate. Using the multiplanar capability of MRI with MR epidurography coronal and sagittal projections similar to conventional epidurography, axial slices comparable to CT epidurography can be obtained. Magnetic resonance epidurography is superior to conventional and CT epidurography. Presently, due to high costs as compared with conventional and CT epidurography, MRI is not suitable for the routine monitoring of peridural catheters, but it may have a place in the future with decreasing costs for MRI and for the evaluation of patients with spine pathology, especially in describing epidural processes.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters A 32 (1970), S. 544-545 
    ISSN: 0375-9601
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 47 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Baroreflex control of heart rate after cardiac sympathectomy induced by thoracic epidural anaesthesia was evaluated in 30 patients who were randomly assigned to group I (bupivacaine 0.25%), group 2 (bupivacaine 0.5%) or group 3 (control). Plasma volume expanders were given to equalise preload conditions, as assessed using transoesophageal echocardiography. All measurements were made under general anaesthesia. Baroreflex sensitivity was determined from the heart rate response to phenylephrine and nitroglycerine. There was no difference in cardiac slowing in response to phenylephrine between the three groups. Baroreflex sensitivity, measured as cardiac acceleration in response to nitroglycerine, was significantly lower (p 〈 0.01) in groups 1 and 2 (1.8 and 1.5 ms.mmHg−1 respectively) compared with group 3 (3.5 ms.mmHg−1) with no differences between the two bupivacaine concentrations. The results suggest that baroreflex-mediated response to decreases in arterial pressure is dependent on the integrity of the sympathetic nervous system.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Postoperative analgesia ; Dipyrone ; Buprenorphine ; Endoscopic abdominal surgery ; PCA. ; Schlüsselwörter: Postoperative Analgesie ; Metamizol ; Buprenorphin ; endoskopische abdominelle Operationen ; PCA.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Die minimal-invasive Chirurgie besitzt gegenüber den klassischen Operationstechniken zahlreiche Vorteile, wobei besonders die schnellere Mobilisation und frühere Entlassung des Patienten hervorzuheben sind. Um diese Vorteile voll nutzen zu können, ist es wünschenswert, ein effektives Schema für die postoperative Analgesie zur Verfügung zu haben, welches bei Bedarf bis in die poststationäre Phase weitergeführt werden kann. In einer randomisierten prospektiven Doppelblindstudie wurde bei 40 Patienten nach endoskopischen abdominellen Operationen (hauptsächlich endoskopischen Cholecystektomien) die analgetische Wirksamkeit einer perioperativen Metamizolgabe untersucht. Die Patienten erhielten vor Einleitung einer standardisierten Allgemeinanaesthesie entweder 1 g Metamizol in 100 ml NaCl 0,9 % oder Placebo (100 ml NaCl 0,9 %) intravenös als Kurzinfusion. Diese Infusionen wurden nach 6 und 12 Std wiederholt. Postoperativ erhielten alle Patienten ein PCA-Gerät, mit dem sie sich Buprenorphinboli (30 μg, Sperrzeit 5 min im Aufwachraum, 30 min auf Station) intravenös anfordern konnten. Es wurden während der ersten 6 Std stündlich und abschließend nach 24 Std der Buprenorphinverbrauch, der Schmerzscore (0–10), Herzfrequenz, Blutdruck und Nebenwirkungen erhoben. Die Patienten der Verumgruppe gaben direkt postoperativ signifikant weniger Schmerzen an, als die Patienten der Placebogruppe. Die Buprenorphineinsparung nach 24 Std betrug in der Verumgruppe im Vergleich zur Placebogruppe 67 % (90 vs. 270 μg).
    Notes: Summary. In comparison to conventional operating technique endoscopic surgery reveals numerous advantages, particular rapid mobilisation and earlier discharge from observation. For a effective utilization of these advantages, it is desirable to have a efficient postoperative analgesic scheme, wich can be continued into the period after discharge from hospital. In a randomised, prospective double-blind study we investigated the analgesic efficacy of dipyrone in 40 patients, scheduled for endoscopic abdominal surgery (mainly endoscopic cholecystectomy). Patients received before induction of anesthesia either dipyrone (1 g/100 ml NaCl i. v.) or placebo (100 ml NaCl i. v.). These infusions were repeated 6 h and 12 h after first application. After surgery all patients were allowed to self-administer buprenorphine intravenously from a PCA-pump (Bolus 30 μg, lockout 5 min in the recovery room, 30 min on the ward). Every hour for the first 6 h and after 24 h, cumulated doses of buprenorphine, pain scores (0–10), pulse, blood pressure and side effects were recorded. Dipyrone-treated patients had significantly less pain immediately after surgery and used a significantly lower cumulated dose of buprenorphine (–67 %; 90 μg vs. 270 μg buprenorphine) in the first 24 h after surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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