ISSN:
1432-055X
Keywords:
Schlüsselwörter: Thorakale Epiduralanästhesie – Epidurographie – CT-Epidurographie – Epiduralraum – Schienenstrangphänomen – Plica mediana dorsalis
;
Key words: Epidural anaesthesia – Epidural space – Epidurography – CT epidurography – Rail-road-track phenomenon – Plica mediana dorsalis
Source:
Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
Topics:
Medicine
Description / Table of Contents:
Abstract. Epidurography with contrast medium is used to verify the correct poition of an epidural catheter and to detect malpositioning. There is great variability in the distribution of contrast medium according to the individual morphology of the epidural space and the way it is injected. Results of investigations of the anatomy of the spinal canal and epidural space performed with anatomic specimens, epiduroscopy, and conventional and computed tomographic (CT) epidurography are sometimes contradictory. We have performed CT epidurography in approximately 30 patients to date. Insights regarding the distribution of contrast medium in the epidural space can help to interpret conventional epidurographies and to explain special features, such as the "rail-road-track phenomenon" or the plica mediana dorsalis. Methods. Patients scheduled for major abdominal operations were studied. Catheters were introduced into the thoracic epidural space on the day before the operation. Conventional epidurographies were performed routinely after insertion of the catheters with a mobile X-ray apparatus, usually in the recovery room, using 5 ml iopamidol (Solutrast 250 M). Selected patients (good mental state and stable psychic condition), after written consent and with approval of the local ethical committee, were investigated with CT epidurography using the same contrast medium (partly diluted). From among the CT scans performed until now, five characteristic images are presented and compared to conventional epidurographies. Results. When small volumes (5 mL) of iopamidol were injected slowly, we regularly observed a railroad-track phenomenon in the AP images of conventional epidurographies. After rapid injection of larger volumes (10 – 15 ml), the spread was more homogeneous and sometimes outline a lighter zone of contrast distribution in the midline. CT epidurography in these cases (5 out of 30 patients) revealed a plica mediana dorsalis. In the majority of the CT scans of the thoracic epidural space its anterior (ventral) compartment was unfilled by contrast medium. According to the findings of several investigators, dura mater and ligamentum longitudinale posterius have grown together, so that an epidural space does not exist in ventral thoracic segments of the spinal canal. In lower thoracic and lumbar segments both structures are separate, and a wide anterior epidural space was present and filled with contrast medium. In other cases the dorsal and dorsolateral epidural space was completely filled, but the contrast medium stopped behind the spinal nerves and surrounding dural sheaths, as if these structures, together with the connective tissue strands between them, formed a membrane that spread in a frontal plane. A railroad-track phenomenon is interpreted in the literature as the X-ray correlate of contrast medium spread in the subdural space, indicating an incorrect catheter position. According to conventional epidurographies and confirmed by CT scans, this feature is also seen regulary in cases with correct catheter position. Small volumes of iopamidol spread preferentially into the wider parts of the epidural space between the gaps of the vertebral arcs, whereas the dura mater and periosteal layers touch at the inner side of the pedicules and laminae, allowing the existence of only a potential epidural space. This rhythmic widening and narrowing of the epidural space is the explanation of the "railroad track" in AP contrast epidurographies. Conclusions. CT epidurography is a valuable tool to provide better insight into the morphology of the epidural space when filled with fluid (contrast medium, local anaesthetics), complementing findings using epiduroscopy and anatomic specimens. It stands to reason that this time- and cost-expensive method can never replace conventional epidurographies, but can help to interpret them properly.
Notes:
Zusammenfassung. CT-Epidurographien nach Kontrastmittelinjektion wurden bei ca. 30 Patienten nach Anlage eines thorakalen Epiduralkatheters angefertigt. Diese wurden mit konventionellen Röntgenaufnahmen verglichen. Entsprechend der individuellen Morphologie des Epiduralraums gibt es unterschiedliche Kontrastmittelmuster bei der CT-Epidurographie, wobei typische Bilder immer wiederkehren. Schienenstrangphänomen: Dieses Bild bei konventionellen a.p.-Aufnahmen, in der Literatur meist als subdurale Katheterlage interpretiert, ist Ausdruck einer segmental rhythmisch wechselnden Kontrastmittelfüllung des lateralen Epiduralraums. Anteriorer Epiduralraum: Im thorakalen Teil des Wirbelkanals sind Dura mater und Ligamentum longitudinale posterius miteinander verwachsen, so daß hier kein ventraler Epiduralraum existiert, was auf konventionellen Röntgenbildern im lateralen Strahlengang durch fehlende Kontrastierung der vorderen Lamelle zu erkennen ist und in den CT-Scans verifiziert wird. Plica mediana dorsalis: Bei stärkerer Kontrastierung des Epiduralraums zeigt sich in manchen Fällen eine mediane Aufhellungszone in konventionellen a.p.-Epidurographien, die sich im CT-Scan als Plica mediana dorsalis herausstellt. Spinalnerven: In manchen CT-Scans sind dorsaler und dorsolateraler Epiduralraum prall mit Kontrastmittel gefüllt. Dieses stoppt aber hinter den Spinalnerven, so daß man annehmen muß, hier existiert eine in Frontalebene ausgespannte Membran, welche durch die Spinalnerven, das Spinalganglion, die umgebende Durascheide und durch Fortsetzungen des Ligamentum denticulatum gebildet wird. Die CT-Epidurographie ist eine wertvolle Methode, um neue Einsichten über die Morphologie des Epiduralraums zu erhalten. Sie kann die konventionelle Epidurographie nicht ersetzen (Strahlenbelastung, Aufwand, Kosten), aber die mit dieser Methode gewonnenen Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, konventionelle Epidurographien richtig zu interpretieren.
Type of Medium:
Electronic Resource
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001010050129
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