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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Late prenatal ontogeny of central monoamine neurons in the rat: Fluorescence histochemical observations (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 281-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Central monoamine neurons ; Ontogeny ; Rat ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of all monoamine-containing neuron systems in the rat brain throughout the last seven days of gestation, i.e. from the 15th day to term, crown rump length (CRL) 16 mm to 42 mm, has been followed using the Falck-Hillarp method for fluorescence histochemistry. Serial sagittal, horizontal and transverse sections through whole brains of fetuses from MAO-inhibited mothers have been carefully analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, and drawings of almost all sections depicting specific fluorescence have been collected from 10 of the 16 analyzed brains. Thus, all the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) neuron systems have been mapped, both regarding the cell groups, the formation of axon pathways and the development of terminal plexuses in the whole brain prenatally. Together with a previous report (Olson and Seiger, 1972a) the present data have made it possible to determine the common origin of groups A1–A3, A4–A7, A8–A10, B1–B3 and B4–B9, respectively (nomenclature according to Dahlström and Fuxe, 1964). These findings and an estimation of the number of visible fluorescent cells in all monoamine cell complexes throughout the prenatal period of development have been summarized in a flow-chart. In the full-term fetus all monoamine neurons and their axon pathways, except for the hypothalamic cell groups, are very well developed. Thus, the new neuroanatomical data presented, in all probability hold true also for the adult state. A comprehension of the innervation course of neostriatum by DA nerve terminals from the 14th day of gestation to adult hood is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00525058
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early prenatal ontogeny of central monoamine neurons in the rat: Fluorescence histochemical observations (1972)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 137 (1972), S. 301-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Monoamines ; Brain ; Ontogeny ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early ontogeny of the monoamine neuron systems in the rat brain has been analysed using Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry. Serial sagittal sections of embryos with a crown rump length between 7 and 13 mm, approximately corresponding to gestational days 12 to 15 were obtained from mothers treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor given in order to increase the monoamine levels of the embryos. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-neurons made their first appearance in the 8 mm embryo, dopamine (DA)-neurons in the 9 mm embryo, and noradrenaline (NA)-neurons in the 11 mm embryo. Small, rounded, weakly fluorescent cell bodies forming sparse aggregations appeared first. Fluorescent processes of two types soon appeared. Short processes from the cell bodies were running perpendicular to the long axis of the brain stem within the cell groups, while long slender axon bundles could be traced ascending through the met- and mesencephalon and into the prosencephalon as well as descending in the myelencephalon andspinal cord. In the 12 mm embryo the primordial DA cell formation of the substantia nigra with its striatal projections, the 5-HT neuron formations of the caudal mesencephalon, met- and myelencephalon as well as the NA neurons of the met- and myelencephalon are relatively well developed. It is concluded that the monoamine-neurons develop mechanisms for synthesis and storage of amines at a very early stage during ontogeny, thus recapitulating the phylogeny of these old systems. Likewise, monoamine oxidase is present early. The presence of neurotransmitters specifying the different developing neurons long before development of their nerve terminal areas and therefore before the establishment of normal synaptic function may indicate a role of these substances during ontogeny other than transmission of nerve impulses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519099
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The α7 nicotinic receptors in human fetal brain and spinal cord (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 80 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype is believed to be involved in the regulation of neuronal growth, differentiation and synapse formation during the development of the human brain. In this study the expression of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was investigated in human fetal brain and spinal cord of 5–11 weeks gestational age. Both the specific binding of [125I]α-bungarotoxin to prenatal brain membranes and the expression of α7 mRNA were significantly higher in the pons, medulla oblongata, mesencephalon and spinal cord of 9–11 weeks gestational age compared with cerebellum, cortex and subcortical forebrain. A significant positive correlation between gestational age and the expression of α7␣mRNA was observed in all brain regions except cortex. A positive correlation was also observed between the gestational age and the [125I]α-bungarotoxin binding in the pons, medulla oblongata, mesencephalon, and cerebellum. Consequently, a significant relationship between the α7 mRNA levels and the binding sites for [125I]α-bungarotoxin was found in the fetal brain. The increasing levels of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor during the first trimester support the important role of nAChRs for the development of the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00714.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional connections are established in the deafferented rat spinal cord by peripherally transplanted human embryonic sensory neurons (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Functionally useful repair of the mature spinal cord following injury requires axon growth and the re-establishment of specific synaptic connections. We have shown previously that axons from peripherally grafted human embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells grow for long distances in adult host rat dorsal roots, traverse the interface between the peripheral and central nervous system, and enter the spinal cord to arborize in the dorsal horn. Here we show that these transplants mediate synaptic activity in the host spinal cord. Dorsal root ganglia from human embryonic donors were transplanted in place of native adult rat ganglia. Two to three months after transplantation the recipient rats were examined anatomically and physiologically. Human fibres labelled with a human-specific axon marker were distributed in superficial as well as deep laminae of the recipient rat spinal cord. About 36% of the grafted neurons were double labelled following injections of the fluorescent tracers MiniRuby into the sciatic and Fluoro-Gold into the lower lumbar spinal cord, indicating that some of the grafted neurons had grown processes into the spinal cord as well as towards the denervated peripheral targets. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that the transplanted human dorsal roots conducted impulses that evoked postsynaptic activity in dorsal horn neurons and polysynaptic reflexes in ipsilateral ventral roots. The time course of the synaptic activation indicated that the human fibres were non-myelinated or thinly myelinated. Our findings show that growing human sensory nerve fibres which enter the adult deafferentated rat spinal cord become anatomically and physiologically integrated into functional spinal circuits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00245.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward a Transplantation Therapy in Parkinson's Disease (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 495 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23707.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transplantation of Monoamine-Producing Cell Systems in Oculo and Intracranially: Experiments in Search of a Treatment for Parkinson's Disease (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 457 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb20801.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nerve growth factors in the rat iris (1980)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 286 (1980), S. 25-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Nerve growth factor (NGF) activity was not detected by bioassay in irides killed immediately after excision but NGF appeared within 24 h in living irides placed in culture or grafted to a host eye. Furthermore, sensory and, although less effective, sympathetic denervation of irides in situ led ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/286025a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transplanted adrenal chromaffin cells in rat brain reduce lesion-induced rotational behaviour (1981)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 292 (1981), S. 351-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] There are several reasons for considering the adrenal medulla as a potential replacement for fetal SN grafts. First, the normal adrenal medulla produces dopamine as an intermediary in the synthesis of adrenaline8'9. Second, adrenal chromaffin cells, which are normally rounded in shape, become ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/292351a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of growth factors in degeneration and regeneration in the central nervous system; clinical experiences with NGF in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 242 (1994), S. S12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurotrophin-mediated mechanisms are integral to development and maintenance of the adult central nervous system. Neurotrophin expression has been shown to change rapidly in response to many different types of neuronal stress such as excitotoxic injury, mechanical lesions, epileptogenesis and ischemia. It therefore appears as if they are not only to be regarded as target-derived trophic factors in the classical sense, but also as providers of local trophic support and neuronal protection. These discoveries suggest that neurotrophins or compounds with neurotrophin-like actions might become useful in developing new treatment strategies, not only for neurodegenerative diseases, but also for other diseases and injuries to the nervous system including stroke.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00939233
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regeneration of monoamine-containing axons in the developing and adult spinal cord of the rat following intraspinal 6-OH-dopamine injections or transections (1971)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 28 (1971), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth of descending noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) axons in the rat spinal cord during ontogenesis and following mechanical or chemical, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) induced, axotomy, was studied with the Falck-Hillarp histochemical fluorescence method for monoamines. The major NA and 5-HT axon bundles and terminal innervation areas are present already at birth and an essentially mature pattern of innervation is reached after two weeks. Complete degeneration of both 5-HT and NA nerves in the distal segment is obtained by a transection of the spinal cord. Sprouting of the cut monoamine fibers into the necrotic zone and scar tissue is vigorous in both immature and mature animals, but regeneration into the distal segment is very poor. Selective degeneration of the descending NA axons and terminals is obtained by a localized intraspinal 6-OH-DA injection. Thus, the 5-HT fiber systems as well as all other parts of the spinal cord are left intact. The method should therefore prove useful for evaluating the exact functional role of the NA and 5-HT neuron systems in the spinal cord. Reinnervation of the distal part of the spinal cord by new NA fibers following 6-OH-DA induced denervation is described. This process is faster in younger animals but takes place also in adult animals. The present evidence suggests that reinnervation mainly is the result of downgrowth of the axotomized fibers, but growth in the form of collateral sprouting from a few possibly surviving fibers in the distal region may also contribute. Reinnervation lead to a normal innervation pattern within 1–2 months in the various age groups. It is suggested that the poor regeneration of many spinal nerve tracts often reported in the literature following transection of the spinal cord is due to extraneuronal factors such as scar tissue and impaired circulation rather than to the nerves per se since reinnervation by NA nerves was very poor following mechanical transection but good following chemical, 6-OH-DA-induced axotomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305627
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