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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Objectively measured tobacco exposure during pregnancy: neonatal effects and relation to maternal smoking (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 100 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To measure quantitatively and objectively the maternal and fetal tobacco exposure during pregnancy and its neonatal effects.Design Tobacco exposure was assessed from maternal serum samples, obtained during the first half of pregnancy and from umbilical serum samples obtained at delivery, by measuring the concentration of nicotine metabolite, cotinine. Data on the respective pregnancies and neonates were collected from the Finnish Medical Birth Registry.Setting Finland.Subjects One thousand two hundred and thirty-seven pregnancies and newborns, representing all pregnancies resulting in a liveborn infant during one week in one country.Main outcome measures Gestational age, birthweight and crown-heel length of newborns.Results Cotinine (〉6 μg/l) was detected in either maternal or umbilical serum in 300 pregnancies, and these mothers and newborns were classified as exposed. Important differences occurred between measured exposure and reported smoking behaviour. Of the exposed mothers, 38% were nonsmokers and 3.4% of the nonexposed mothers were smokers. Tobacco exposure was associated with shorter gestational age, reduced birthweight and shorter crown-heel length of the newborns. After correction for parity, gender, and gestational age, the exposed newborns were on average 188 g (95% confidence interval (CI) 123–253 g) lighter and 10 mm (95% CI7–13 mm) shorter than the nonexposed newborns. One μg/ml of cotinine in maternal serum resulted in a mean decrease of 1.29 g (95% CI 0.55–2.02 g) in birthweight and in a mean decrease of 0.059 mm (95% CI 0.035–0.083 mm) in birth length. Maternal cotinine concentrations better explained the neonatal findings than the reported smoking habits.Conclusions There is a quantitative dose and effect relation between tobacco exposure and a decrease in the gestational age at birth and size of the neonate. The smoking habit reported by mothers themselves is not an accurate measure of fetal tobacco exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb14262.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perioperative pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen enantiomers after rectal administration (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Pediatric anesthesia 15 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug which has both peripheral and central analgesic effects. Ibuprofen has been shown to be an effective antipyretic and postoperative analgesic drug both in adults and children with few side effects. Pharmacokinetics of rectal ibuprofen has not been studied, although suppositories are frequently used for perioperative pain control in children.Methods : There were four study groups: full-term infants aged 1–7 weeks (n = 9), infants aged 8–25 weeks (n = 8), and infants aged 26–52 weeks (n = 7). Adult patients were 20–40 years old (n = 7). Ibuprofen suppository 20 mg·kg−1 was administered after induction of anesthesia. Blood samples were collected from 20 min to 10 h after dosing and pharmacokinetic analysis of ibuprofen enantiomers were done.Results : Both ibuprofen enantiomers were detectable in blood in 20 min. Total ibuprofen plasma concentrations 〉10 mg·l−1 were seen from 40 min to 8 h. Values for Tmax of ibuprofen enantiomers and total ibuprofen were higher in the adult group than any of the infant groups (P 〈 0.05). In addition, values for physiological (standardized) t1/2 of (R)-(−)- and (S)-(+)-ibuprofen were higher in infants aged 1–7 weeks than the adults (P 〈 0.05). None of the other pharmacokinetic variables, Cmax, AUC, chronological t1/2 or AUC ratio differed between the groups.Conclusions : A single dose of ibuprofen suppository 20 mg·kg−1 after induction of anesthesia guarantees analgesic plasma concentrations during the early postoperative period. Except for the delayed absorption of ibuprofen in adults and higher physiological t1/2 in infants aged 1–7 weeks, no major pharmacokinetic differences were observed between study groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2005.01499.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Marked variation in oxycodone pharmacokinetics in infants (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Pediatric anesthesia 15 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : The pharmacokinetics of oxycodone (13-hydroxy-7,8-dihydrocodeinone) has been studied in adults and in children who are older than 6 months but there is no information on the disposition of oxycodone in neonates and young infants. The aim of this study was to study the pharmacokinetics of oxycodone in infants varying in age from 0 to 6 months.Methods : Twenty-two infants undergoing surgery were given postoperatively an intravenous bolus of 0.1 mg·kg−1 of oxycodone hydrochloride. Ten of the patients were younger than 1 week (group 1), six from 1 week to 2 months (group 2) and six from 2 to 6 months (group 3). Plasma samples were collected for the analysis of oxycodone concentrations up to 24 h. Pharmacokinetics were characterized by noncompartmental methods.Results : The median (range) values for the clearance (Cl) were 9.9 (2.3–17.2), 20.1 (3.7–40.4) and 15.4 (14.8–80.2) ml·min−1·kg−1 in the above three groups. The values for volume of distribution at steady-state were 3.3 (1.9–4.7), 5.6 (1.3–8.5) and 3.2 (1.8–6.0) l·kg−1 and for elimination half-life (t1/2) 4.4 (2.4–14.1), 3.6 (1.6–11.6) and 2.0 (0.8–3.9) h, respectively. Both Cl (r = 0.46) and half-life (r = −0.46) were correlated to the age of the patient (P 〈 0.05). There were 13 patients who were on mechanical ventilation at the time of oxycodone administration. None of the spontaneously breathing infants had hypoventilation which required assistance during the study.Conclusions : The values for Cl and t1/2 varied greatly between the subjects. This variability was most pronounced in the two youngest groups. Routine dosing of oxycodone in young infants may be dangerous. The dose of oxycodone must be titrated individually.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2005.01571.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced morphine- and cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in alcohol-preferring AA rats (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 142 (1999), S. 244-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Alcohol preference ; Cocaine ; Morphine ; Behavioral sensitization ; Locomotor activity ; Selected rat lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Locomotor stimulation and behavioral sensitization induced by acute and repeated treatment with alcohol, cocaine or morphine were studied in the alcohol-preferring AA (Alko, Alcohol), alcohol-avoiding ANA (Alko, Non-Alcohol) rats and non-selected Wistar rats. Daily treatment with alcohol (ethanol, 0.4 or 1.0 g/kg, IP) for 6 days had no effect on locomotor activity either in the AA or ANA rats. Acute cocaine (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg, IP) produced a locomotor stimulation in the animals of all lines studied, and there was no difference in this effect between the AA and ANA rats. During a 4-day repeated cocaine treatment, the AA rats became sensitized with the 10 mg/kg dose, while the ANA rats did not show any sensitization with this dose. With the 20 mg/kg cocaine dose, in addition to locomotor stimulation, the rats of all lines studied showed stereotyped behavior, which response was enhanced during repeated treatment. Morphine-induced locomotor stimulation was larger in the AA rats than in the ANA or Wistar rats both with 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg doses and only the AA rats were sensitized during 4-day treatment with the 1 mg/kg dose. With the 3.0 mg/kg morphine dose, only the AA rats showed a weak sensitization evident only during the initial 30 min after morphine injection. As the drug-induced behavioral sensitization is an important factor in the development of drug addiction, it is possible that mechanisms underlying the enhanced susceptibility of the AA rats to morphine- and cocaine-induced sensitization contribute to the high intake of alcohol and other abused drugs by these animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050886
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