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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Influence of Uncertainty and Visual Complexity on Habituation of Electrodermal and Visual Orienting Reactions (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 19 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This experiment investigated the effects of stimulus complexity and stimulus uncertainty on habituation of the visual orienting reaction (VOR) and the skin conductance orienting reaction (SCR) in four groups of 14 subjects each. Half the subjects were told that the same stimulus would be presented a number of times in the right upper comer of the TV screen (“certain condition”), and the other half were not informed about the stimuli (“uncertain condition”). Within each of these groups, half the subjects received 14 stimuli of 12 bits information and the other half received 14 stimuli of 60 bits information. Stimulus complexity and stimulus uncertainty led to both slower habituation of the VOR and stronger VORs on trial 1. Neither factor, howev, had a significant effect on SCR magnitude or habituation. It was concluded that the VOR and SCR represent different aspects of stimulus processing. The results of this experiment were discussed in terms of the roles which VORs and SCRs may play in selective attention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02605.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subjective, clinical and EMG effects of biofeedback and splint treatment (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 13 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Patients suffering from myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) were trained to maintain constant levels of EMG masseter activity with the aid of biofeedback. Treatment effects were compared with the effects of a nightly full-coverage splint and with a no-treatment control group. The biofeedback group showed significantly more improvement in clinical dysfunction and subjective symptoms related to pain and mandibular movement than either the splint group or the control group. The results of the splint group were not substantially different from the control group. The EMG results indicate that during biofeedback the ratio between EMG activity of the trained and the non-trained masseter shifted towards a higher contribution of the trained muscle. This effect was significant at high task levels. During biofeedback EMG task performance improved but this effect did not generalize to non-feedback situations. It is suggested that the treatment effects of biofeedback depend upon the increase in perceived control reported by the biofeedback group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1986.tb00676.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predictive validity of the potentiated startle response as a behavioral model for anxiolytic drugs (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 118 (1995), S. 150-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Anxiety ; Fear-potentiated startle ; Behavioral models ; Predictive validity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fear-potentiated startle (PSR) paradigm is a putative behavioral model for the determination of anxiolytic properties of drugs. The present study further investigated the predictive validity of the model. Predictive validity is high, when only drugs clinically used as anxiolytics attenuate PSR dose dependently. Results showed that startle potentiation decreased dose dependently after the administration of the anxiolytics CDP (2.5–10 mg/kg, IP) and alprazolam (1–3 mg/kg, IP). After administration of the clinically non-anxiolytic drugs amitriptyline (2.5–10 mg/kg, IP), carbamazepine (5–20 mg/kg, IP), fentanyl (0.0025–0.04 mg/kg, SC), naloxone (2.5–10 mg/kg, IP), nicotine (0.4–1.6 mg/kg, IP), alcohol (500–2000 mg/kg, IP), andd-amphetamine (0.6–2.4 mg/kg, IP), a dose-dependent decrease in startle potentiation was not found. The PSR correctly discriminated most of the drugs tested in clinically anxiolytic and clinically non-anxiolytic drugs. However, haloperidol behaved as a false positive, and results of nicotine and alcohol were at variance with results reported by others.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245833
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    External stimulus control in a “drug-discrimination” procedure: Drug effects and inter-animal variation (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1984), S. 168-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Stimulus control ; Drug discrimination ; Morphine ; Chlorpromazine ; Scopolamine ; Haloperidol ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats (N=12) were trained to discriminate between two stimulus conditions S1 and S2, consisting of combinations of visual and tactile stimuli [S1: box lighted (L) and wooden floor insert present (W); S2: box dark (D) and grid floor present (G)] in a two-lever discrimination procedure. S1 was continuously present during half of the sessions, and S2 was continuously present during the remaining sessions. Morphine (0.3–6 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.04–0.08 mg/kg), but not chlorpromazine (1–4 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.031–0.125 mg/kg), decreased the accuracy of discriminative responding during S1 sessions. None of the drugs significantly affected discrimination accuracy during S2 sessions. After drug testing was completed, reversed combinations of the visual and tactile stimuli were tested (i.e. L+G, and D+W). Inter-animal variation in the control by the component stimuli was observed. The results suggest that “intermediate results” (i.e. equal responding on drug and saline lever) in drug discrimination research, if observed at the highest dose of a drug at which animals still respond, may be interpreted in terms of a drug-induced disruption of discriminative responding. The results further suggest that inter-animal variation in the outcome of drug generalization tests may be partly related to inter-animal variation in the degree of stimulus control by different components of the training drug stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427767
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute effects of naloxone and naltrexone, but lack of delayed effects, on exploratory behavior in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 383-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Naloxone ; Naltrexone ; Exploration ; Locomotor activity ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Exploratory head-poke responses, locomotor activity, and rearing were studied in five groups of rats (n=8 per group) during two 30-min sessions. The opiate antagonists naloxone and naltrexone (0.5 and 2 mg/kg) were administered once, 30 min before the first session. Delayed drug effects were studied during the second session, 24 h after the first session. During the initial 10 min of the first session naloxone and naltrexone decreased the number of head-poke responses without reducing locomotor activity and rearing. Both drugs decreased the number of head-poke responses, locomotor activity, and rearing during the remainder of this session. Equivalent doses of naloxone and naltrexone produced similar effects. The duration of a head-poke response increased during the session. Drug effects on head-poke duration were not observed. Delayed drug effects on behavior during the second session were not obtained. The observation that both naloxone and naltrexone were effective in the present procedure suggests that the effects of naloxone and naltrexone reported here are a function of opiate antagonist properties of these drugs. The data suggest further that the extent to which opiate receptor blockade results in a specific reduction of exploratory behavior may be partly dependent upon the length of the test session.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555217
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of oxazepam on event-related brain potentials, EEG frequency bands, and vigilance performance (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 122 (1995), S. 244-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Vigilance performance ; Electroencephalogram ; Event-related potentials ; Benzodiazepines ; Arousal ; Signal detection measures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen males performed two vigilance tasks with static and dynamic stimuli under the influence of oxazepam (20 and 40 mg) in a placebo-controlled, double blind, crossover design. Oxazepam dose-dependently impaired overall level of performance and aggravated the decrement with time in measures of accuracy and sensitivity relative to placebo. The drug reduced the amplitudes of the P1, N1, P2N2, and P3 (dose-dependently) waves of event-related potentials (ERPs). Oxazepam aggravated the linear decline with time of the P3 amplitude only. Oxazepam impaired accuracy was related to deterioration of central processing involved in stimulus discrimination (P2N2). Impairment of response-related performance measures (RT and RI) was associated with processing manifest in the P1, N1, and P3 waves. Oxazepam effects on the amplitudes of N1 and P3 correlated with drug effects on power in alpha 1 (8–10 Hz). Drug effects on over-all performance and alpha were also related; the drug effect on response speed correlated only with the drug effect on beta 1 (12.5-21 Hz). Effects of time-on-task on performance and EEG were unrelated, but oxazepam induced performance declines with time may have been caused by declines in resource allocation, as manifest in the amplitude of P3. Time effects on EEG power bands and ERP amplitudes were not significantly related to the time course of oxazepam activity. A curious dissociation emerged: both oxazepam and time-on-task impaired performance, but the drug induced a decrease of theta and alpha 1 power, whereas time-on-task increased power. Various processes play a role in performance decrements with time, and various aspects of processing may be involved in signal-detection measures which makes terms such as sensitivity quite meaningless. So-called computational processing was indistinguishable from energetic processes, which questions the validity of the distinction between these two domains. Explanations of EEG activity in terms of a unidimensional theory of arousal are untenable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246546
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of d-amphetamine and morphine on delayed discrimination: Signal detection analysis and assessment of response repetition in the performance deficits (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 346-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Visual discrimination ; Short-term memory ; Signal detection analysis ; Response repetition ; d-Amphetamine ; Morphine ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Signal detection analysis was used to examine the effects of d-amphetamine and of morphine on delayed visual discrimination (delay intervals: 0–4–8–16 s) in male rats. The probability of response repetition in the discrete trial two-choice discrimination procedure was used as an additional behavioral measure. d-Amphetamine (0.16–0.33 mg/kg) decreased SI (a measure of the animals' sensitivity to the discriminative stimuli) at delays between stimulus presentation and opportunity for responding of 4–16 s, and did not affect SI at the 0 s delay. Morphine (1–3 mg/kg) decreased SI at all delay conditions. d-Amphetamine, but not morphine, affected RI (a measure of the animals' bias towards responding on one lever or the other) and increased the probability of response repetition. The bias measure B″ was affected neither by d-amphetamine nor by morphine. It is concluded that d-amphetamine, but not morphine, produces a deterioration of delayed discrimination performance, probably as a result of drug-induced response perseveration. It is suggested that under the conditions of the present study, the selective deterioration of discrimination performance after d-amphetamine at delays which are longer than 0 s may not be primarily related to a drug-induced disruption of a short-term memory mechanism, but may be related to drug effects on response output.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428543
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of oxazepam on eye movements and performance in vigilance tasks with static and dynamic stimuli (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 114 (1994), S. 109-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Vigilance performance ; Static versus dynamic stimuli ; Eyelid closures ; Oculomotor performance ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine whether in a task with stimuli inducing frequent saccadic eye movements, ingestion of oxazepam impairs performance more than in a task in which the stimuli remained fixed at the same location, due to effects of oxazepam on the ocular system. Eighteen males performed a vigilance task with static and dynamic stimuli under the influence of oxazepam (20 and 40 mg) in a placebo-controlled, double blind, crossover design. Oxazepam (40 mg) had a larger effect on vigilance performance in the first part of the dynamic task, relative to its static counterpart. Oxazepam also had an effect on oculomotor behavior, but this effect was unrelated to impaired performance. There were dose-dependent effects of oxazepam on absolute, overall level of performance but not on the decrement with time. The non-dose-dependent aggravation of the decrement in correct detections, caused by the drug, could only partly be accounted for by pharmacokinetics and increased eyelid closures, and was also caused by pharmacodynamic effects of the drug, such as those on attention. Different effects were noted for the two signal detection measures of response behavior. B′' and RI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245451
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of bromazepam on single-trial event-related potentials in a visual vigilance task (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 106 (1992), S. 555-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benzodiazepines ; Vigilance performance ; Event-related potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty females performed a visual vigilance task under the influence of bromazepam (6 and 12 mg) in a placebo-controlled, double blind, experiment. Measures employed were percentage of hits, percentage of false alarms, response latency (RT), A′ (sensitivity), B″ (cautiousness), and RI (responsivity), as well as signal-and non-signal event-related potentials (ERPs). Bromazepam did not aggravate the normally occurring decrement in performance in vigilance tasks, but had an effect on overall level of performance: accuracy was reduced under the influence of the drug, but speed improved. A Drug×Period interaction for cautiousness (B″) indicated increasingly less cautiousness with bromazepam, which probably contributed to faster motor responses (and more errors) than in the placebo group. The ERP data suggest that the effects of bromazepam are already manifest in the early stages of information processing (attention-detection) as mirrored by a drug effect on N1 amplitude. Deterioration at this early stage may affect later processing stages (P2–N2 amplitudes). As a result, subjects under the influence of the drug probably accumulate less signal evidence for their final evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244830
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of d-amphetamine and morphine on discrimination: signal detection analysis and assessment of response repetition in the performance deficits (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 80 (1983), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Auditory Discrimination ; Signal detection ; Response Repetition ; d-Amphetamine ; Morphine ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Signal detection analysis was used to examine the effects of d-amphetamine and of morphine on auditory discrimination in female rats. The probability of response repetition in the discrete trial two-choice discrimination procedure was used as an additional behavioral measure. d-Amphetamine (0.4–3.2 mg/kg) and morphine (1.88–15.0 mg/kg) decreased the sensitivity measures (A′ and SI) but did not consistently affect the response bias measures (B″ and RI). The probability of response repetition was increased by d-amphetamine and was not affected by morphine. It is concluded that the response bias measure B″, derived from signal detection theory, and the empirical response bias measure RI, do not discriminate between the different ways in which d-amphetamine and morphine affect discriminative responding, under the conditions of this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427954
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