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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of Agouti-related Protein (Agrp) and its mRNA in the Hypothalamus and the Adrenal Gland of the Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) (2005)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag GmbH
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 34 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Introduction:  Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a neuropeptide involved in the control of body weight. Morphological and pharmacological studies have shown that AGRP is implicated in the central control of feeding behaviour acting as an endogenous antagonist of the alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a potent satiety-inducing factor, at the melanocortin 3 (MC3)- and four (MC4)-receptors.Aim:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of AGRP and its mRNA in the hypothalamus and adrenal gland of the duck and, in particular, to establish which type of adrenal tissue is involved in the AGRP synthesis.Methods:  Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, reverse transcriptase (RT)-polimerase chain reaction (PCR).Results and Discussion:  AGRP-immunoreactivity was observed in neurons and nerve fibres in a restricted area of the hypothalamus. AGRP-ir neurons were located in the nucleus infundibularis and distributed ventromedially to the third ventricle in the hypothalamic tuberal region. These neurons were round or, with a lesser extent, elongated in shape. AGRP-ir fibres were seen to project to the median eminence (ME) and anterior periventricular hypothalamus. The AGRP ir-fibres in the ME were distributed in the external layer in close vicinity to the capillaries of the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system. In the avian adrenal gland, AGRP immunoreactivity was observed in the medullary tissue. A partial sequence of AGRP cDNA was identified using RT-PCR cloning and sequencing. This sequence was highly homologous to the corresponding fragment of the chicken AGRP gene. The western blotting analysis of adrenal gland and hypothalamus tissue extracts showed a well-defined single band with an electrophoretic mobility consistent with the molecular weight of the avian AGRP protein. These results demonstrate that AGRP is expressed in the hypothalamus and adrenal glands of the duck and suggest an involvement of this peptide in the regulation of the melanocortin system in birds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_75.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Castration on the Expression of Neurotrophic Factors in the Vas Deferens and Accessory Genital Glands of the Rat (2005)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag GmbH
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 34 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Introduction:  Neurotrophic factors constitute a group of growth factor families, which have important effects on survival and differentiation of neuronal cells. The neurotrophin family is composed of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)3 and NT 4/5. Neurotrophins act by means of high (TrkA, TrkB and TrkC) and low (p75) affinity receptors on numerous neuronal populations of central and peripheral nervous system. The family of glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) includes, besides the GDNF, neurturin (NTN), persephin (PSP) and artemin (ART). They bind to a common receptor Ret, but the binding specificity is due to a group of proteins (GFRα 1–4). These factors show a trophic effect on dorsal ganglia, motor neurons and autonomic nervous system. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the expression of NGF, BDNF and GDNF in the vas deferens and accessory genital glands of normal and castrated rats.Methods:  Immunohistochemistry, enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA), reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results and Discussion:  Immunoreactivity to NGF, BDNF and GDNF was observed in all the investigated tracts. Generally, this immunoreactivity seemed to increase in castrated rats. ELISA and RT-PCR were performed to evaluate the levels of BDNF protein and its mRNA. In the normals, the greatest concentration of BDNF was observed in the vesicular gland, the lowest in the prostate. In the castrated, the BDNF concentration significantly decreased in the vas deferens. Conversely, it increased in the vesicular gland and in the ventral and dorsal prostate. BDNF transcripts were detected in both normal and castrated rats. These results suggest that neurotrophic factors are produced by the vas deferens and accessory genital glands and, in normal conditions, they are downregulated by androgens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_76.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the PACAP-immunoreactivity in the Lymphoid Organs of the Duck (2005)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag GmbH
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 34 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Introduction:  The interactions occurring between nervous and immune systems are well documented. These interactions involve several types of chemical messengers including hormones, cytokines, classic neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. It has been observed that the lymphoid organs receive a dense peptidergic innervation and immune cells produce neuropeptides. Neuropeptides, in turn, are involved in the regulation of the inflammatory processes and in the maturation of the lymphoid organs. Several studies have demonstrated that the immunomodulatory neuropeptides and their receptors are expressed in the thymus and bursa of fabricius. PACAP is a glucagon/VIP/secretin family peptide. It was originally isolated from the ovine hypothalamus and then it was found in the autonomic nervous system. PACAP is involved in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary function, neurotransmission and neuromodulation. In the immune system, PACAP is expressed in lymphoid tissues of the rat and in the lymphocytes of the duck GALT. PACAP, therefore, could be a messenger of the dialogue between nervous and immune system. It may have a role in the regulation of the inflammatory processes by stimulating histamine and serotonin and modulating the production of the cytokines in immune cells.Methods:  Immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections of thymus and bursa of fabricius of the duck of different ages by using an antibody anti-PACAP38.Results and Discussion:  In the thymus, PACAP-immunoreactivity was found in lymphoid cells and, with a lesser extent, in epithelial reticular cells. The immunoreactive lymphocytes were primarily observed in the interlobular septa in close vicinity to the interlobular veins. The number of positive lymphocytes increased with ageing. In the bursa of fabricius, PACAP-IR was found in nerve fibres and in a few lymphoid cells. These results suggest that PACAP could play a role in the maturation and involution of these organs and in the immune functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00669_111.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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