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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of shock-loading of heavy metals on total organic carbon and phosphate removal in an anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge process (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 308-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Cadmium ; copper ; phosphate ; shock loading ; total organic carbon ; toxicity ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of shock-loading of zinc, copper and cadmium ions on the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and phosphate in an anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge process was investigated. TOC removal was not sensitive to shock-loading of Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions, and complete removal was achieved even at 20 mg Zn2+/l and 20 mg Cd2+/l. However, with over 1 mg Cu2+/1 TOC removal efficiency decreased. PO inf4 sup3- removal, in contrast, was extremely sensitive to these metal ions, with the threshold being 1 mg Zn2+/l and 1 mg Cd2+/l. Higher concentrations adversely affected PO inf4 sup3- removal. Copper again proved detrimental; no PO inf4 sup3- removal was achieved even at 1 mg Cu/l. These results highlight the sensitivity of the removal efficiencies of TOC and PO inf4 sup3- to shock loadings of these heavy metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414870
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of cadmium and zinc by the alga Chlorella vulgaris: II. Multi-ion situation (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 37 (1991), S. 445-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: synergism antagonism ; metal uptake ; Chlorella vulgaris ; cadmium ; zinc ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many microorganisms are capable of sequestering and concentrating heavy metals from their aqueous environment. While much research has beep carried out on the uptake of single species of metal ions, little attention seems to have been given to the study of multimetal ion systems. A mathematical model has previously been developed to describe the uptake of individual metal species by a microorganism. The model proposes two sequential processes: an initial rapid uptake due to cellular surface adsorption and a subsequent slow uptake due to membrane transport of the metal into the cells. This article extends the treatment by considering the uptake of two metal species together, cadmium and zinc, under different experimental conditions. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanistic interactions.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260370506
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of heavy metal uptake on the electrokinetic properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1995)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 17 (1995), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+) on the electrokinetic properties of S. cerevisiae was investigated by microelectrophoresis. The uptake of metal ions is associated with a change in surface charge on the cell surface. Increasing pH results in the cell surface being more negatively charged. Also, the change in the electrophoretic mobility in the presence of multi-ions is not simply due to the change in the metal concentration of the solutions, but is also dependent on the metal species involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00134205
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gold uptake by Chlorella vulgaris (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 7 (1995), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: gold ; Chlorella vulgaris ; physical/chemical treatment ; carboxyl ; FTIR ; XPS ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a study on the uptake of gold (III) ions by viable and treated cells of the unicellular alga, Chlorella vulgaris. Inactivating the algal cells by various physical/chemical treatments resulted in a considerable enhancement in the uptake capacity over the pristine cells. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirmed the deposition of elemental gold, Au (O), on the cell surface, indicating that a reduction process has taken place. XPS results also suggested an increase in the oxidized carbon species, carboxyl species in particular, on the surfaces of the treated cells. FTIR spectroscopy results revealed that the carboxyl group was involved mainly in the binding of the gold on the surface of both the viable and treated cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003557
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of gold by electroless precipitation from acid solutions using polyaniline (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemical Technology AND Biotechnology 59 (1994), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2575
    Keywords: polyaniline ; Au reduction ; acid solution ; redox states ; XPS ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxidation of the leucoemeraldine (LM) and emeraldine (EM) states of polyaniline (PAN) and the subsequent reprotonation and reduction of the nigraniline (NA) and pernigraniline (PNA) in acid gold solution were utilized for the spontaneous and sustained reduction of gold. The rate of Au reduction is strongly dependent on the intrinsic oxidation state of the polymer and the polymer surface area. The rate also increases with decreasing pH of the chloroauric solution to about pH ∼ 1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) results indicate that only elemental gold or Au(0) accumulates on the polymer surface. The N1s core-level spectra of the protonated and base form of EM films after Au reduction confirm that the intrinsic structure of the polymer remains intact. The process, however, is limited by the decreasing effective surface area of the polymer due to Au deposition. The results indicate that an LM film accumulated up to five times its own weight of Au (Au/monomer mole ratio 〉 2) before the recovery rate was significantly retarded.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280590106
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electroless reduction and precipitation of gold from acid solution by polypyrrole (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 53 (1994), S. 1539-1545 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The oxidation of the 25% intrinsically oxidized polypyrrole, containing 25% [=N-] and 75% [—NH—], and the subsequent reprotonation and reduction of the highly intrinsically oxidized polymer in acid gold solution were utilized for the spontaneous and sustained reduction of gold. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) results indicate that only elemental gold [or Au (0)] accumulates on the polymer film or powder surfaces. The N1s core-level spectra of the protonated and deprotonated polypyrrole after metal reduction suggest that the intrinsic structure of the polymer at the polymer/Au interface remains intact, even at [Au]/[N] mol ratios substantially above 1. The process, however, is limited by the decreasing effective surface area of the polymer due to Au coverage. The Au reduction behavior of polypyrrole was also compared to that of polyaniline. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070531116
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of cadmium and zinc by the alga Chlorella vulgaris: Part 1. Individual ion species (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 34 (1989), S. 990-999 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of algae and bacteria to accumulate heavy metals from the surrounding environment is a widely recognized phenomenon that has a number of important implications. This work reports on the development of a quantitative model that addresses the basic mechanisms inherent in many uptake processes. The model postulates two mechanisms: an initial rapid metal ion uptake due to attachment onto the cell wall followed by a relatively slow uptake due to membrane transport of the metal into the cell. The mathematical model has been tested using the alga Chlorella vulgaris in the presence of cadmium and zinc in solution under various experimental conditions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260340713
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioremediation of oil contaminated beach sediments using indigenous microorganisms in singapore (1999)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 19 (1999), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The potential of using indigenous microorganisms in beach sediments to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons emanating from marine oil spillages in the Straits of Singapore was investigated. A field trial was conducted using oil contaminated beach sediments from Pulau Semakau - a small island 15 km south of Singapore. The results clearly show that the addition of inorganic nutrients to beach sediments significantly enhanced the activity of indigenous microorganisms (measured using the dehydrogenase enzyme assay and viable cell count techniques), as well as the removal of total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons (TRPH) over a 50-day study period (with up to 44% in the case of nutrient addition). The potential of exploiting in-situ bioremediation techniques for oil spill clean-up operations in tropical marine environments is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370190309
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advanced primary treatment of waste water using a bio-flocculation-adsorption sedimentation process (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 53-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An advanced primary treatment process for a municipal waste water was systematically studied, using a bio-flocculation-adsorption, sedimentation and stabilzation process (BSS). It was shown that the organic removal efficiency was higher than that of the traditional primary treatment processes but lower than that of the traditional secondary treatment processes. Both adsorption and bio-flocculation played an important role in the removal of pollutants. The activated sludge within the bio-flocculation-adsorption tank could be considered a bio-flocculent which improved the quality of the effluent from the primary treatment process. As the effluent of the BSS process did not meet the requirements for a typical secondary effluent, the process may be regarded as an advanced (or enhanced) primary treatment process, suitable for waste water containing a high concentration of suspended solids and colloidal particles.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200109
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innovative use of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for the biological machining of metals (2000)
    Berlin : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Biotechnologica 20 (2000), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0138-4988
    Keywords: Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Preliminary results on the novel use of the bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (ATCCJ 3598 and ATCC33020) for the micro-machining (or biomachinig) of metals are reported. Biomachning is a controlled microbiological process to selectively form microstrucutures on a metal work-piece by metal removal (or dissolution) using microorganisms. Applying copper and mild steel as work-pieces, it was shown that the mass removed increased proportionately with machining time. In another experiment, the work-pieces were coated with organic photo-resistive materials to mask (i.e. protect) certain regions of the metlas, thereby defining the microstructure to be formed. The unmasked regions were successfully biomachined; the final machined profile was shown to be similar to the coating image on the original metal. Although biomachining proceeded at a slower rate than chemical machining, the undesired leaching of the metal in the region under the masked area (termed undercutting) was not as severely encountered when compared with the latter. This work demonstrates the potential use of microorganisms for the biomachining of metals. As a “green process”, the innovative use of T. ferrooxidans for the micro-machining of metals opens up the possibility of biomachining as an alternative to conventional metal processing.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370200202
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