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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progressive supranuclear palsy: earlier age of onset in patients with the τ protein A0/A0 genotype (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. 206-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Progressive ¶supranuclear palsy ; Genetics ; Clinical characteristics ; Parkinsonism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic studies have detected an association between the presence of the τ gene A0 allele and patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). This study examined whether patients with this polymorphism exhibit distinct demographic or clinical characteristics. We studied 26 patients who fulfilled clinical criteria for the diagnosis of PSP, 20 who had the A0/A0 genotype and 6 who had other genotypes. A questionnaire on demographic data, past medical history, familial history, and initial symptoms was completed as part of the consultation. A complete neurological examination was performed and PSP symptoms were quantified following Golbe’s PSP disability scale. We found a significant difference in the age at onset of PSP symptoms, which was 65.9 ± 5.3 years in the A0/A0 group and 71.2 ± 5.6 in the non-A0/A0 group (P = 0.016). There were no significant differences in the years from disease onset between the two groups. Symptom severity did not differ significantly in patients with the different A0/A0 genotypes. The detection of significantly lower age at onset with the A0/A0 alleles is consistent with the known association of this genotype as a risk factor for PSP. No significant differences were detected in symptom severity between the two groups of patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050564
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of Neurophysiological Guidance to Stereotactic Posteroventral Pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease (1999)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 141 (1999), S. 1195-1201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Keywords: Pallidotomy; Parkinson; microelectrods; stereotaxy; thalamus.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary ¶ The usefulness of microrecording guidance to adequately place pallidotomy lesions is not thoroughly accepted. We have analysed in 23 consecutive Parkinsonian patients the deviation of the first recording track (FRT), which was directed to the theoretical stereotactic target, from the sensorimotor area of the internal pallidum, the internal capsule and the center of the lesion. Standard stereotactic co-ordinates were calculated applying a digitized brain atlas adapted to neuro-imaging techniques. The first recording track (FRT) was located out of the sensorimotor area of the pallidum in 13 cases and out of the internal pallidum in 11 cases. In four of these cases the FRT was within the fibers of the internal capsule. The FRT was displaced posteriorly in 9 patients, anteriorly in 11, medially in 9 and laterally in 9. The mean deviation was 1.8 mm (± 1.5) in the medial-lateral axis, and 2.5 mm (± 1.9) in the antero-posterior plane. In none of the patients the center of the lesion was co-incident with the theoretical anatomical target. The center of the lesion presented a mean deviation from the theoretical anatomical target of 1,4 mm (± 1,1) in the medial-lateral, plane, and 2.5 mm (± 1.3) in the antero-posterior plane. In addition, 8 patients presented a deviation from the theoretical anatomical target of more than 3 mm in the antero-posterior plane (mean 4.2±0.7 mm) and 4 patients presented deviation in the medial-lateral plane of more than 3 mm (mean 3,4±0,2 mm). Lesion location was checked by magnetic resonance imaging. All patients improved to a similar extent to that previously reported by the other groups performing pallidotomy under neurophysiological guidance. At 3 months follow-up, pallidotomy ameliorated contralateral bradykinesia in the off condition by 41%, rigidity by 38%, tremor by 52% and dyskinesias by 92%. No major side effects were noted. We conclude that microrecording guidance is a useful tool for avoiding damage to adjacent structures and to precisely localize the sensorimotor area of the internal pallidum in order to obtain optimal clinical results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007010050418
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptophysin in spinal anterior horn in aging and ALS: an immunohistological study (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 103 (1996), S. 1317-1329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Aging ; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; synaptophysin ; brain aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Aged-related spinal cord changes such as neuronal loss have been related to the degree of clinical severity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); morphological data on synapses are, however, wanting. Variations in synaptophysin (Sph) expression in aging and ALS were thus studied at the level of lower motor neurons in 40 controls with non-neurological diseases and 11 cases of ALS. Control sections of formalin fixed paraffin embedded cervical (C7/8), thoracic (T10) and lumbar spinal cord (L5) and C6, C7, C8 and L5 of ALS cases were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, luxol fast blue (LFB), and immunostained with a mouse monoclonal antibody against Sph. The neuropil of the anterior horn (AH) in all control cases demonstrated Sph positivity. A dot-like pattern of positivity of presynaptic terminals on soma of motor neurons and fine immunoreactivity along neuronal processes were observed. A significant reduction of Sph immunostaining was observed in the neuropil with increasing age and 3 different somatic patterns were seen: a-well preserved Sph reactivity around the soma and the proximal dendrites of histologically normal neurons; b-few chromatolytic neurons showing large numbers of dot-like presynaptic terminals around the cell body and in a “fused” pattern; c-intense, diffuse, and homogeneous reactivity of some neurons. Attenuation of Sph reactivity in the AH neuropil, to its complete loss, was observed in all ALS cases. In addition to patterns a-c, two additional microscopic findings were noted in ALS: d-chromatolytic neurons showing complete absence of Sph reactivity; e-absence of Sph reactivity around the soma and the proximal dendrites of histologically normal surviving neurons. Our findings demonstrate that there is a decrease in Sph immunostaining with aging, thus suggesting an alteration in dendritic networks of the AH with aging. Changes in the pattern of Sph immunoreactivity in cell bodies may represent synaptic plasticity and/or degeneration. Reinnervation may also be a possible mechanism as a response to neuronal loss in oldest control cases. Sph reactivity results may thus lend support to the presence of superimposed aging components in ALS cases which may give an insight into explaining the increasing severity of the disease which is encountered with advancing age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271192
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of neuronal loss, astrocytosis and abnormalities of cytoskeletal components of large motor neurons in the human anterior horn in aging (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 105 (1998), S. 689-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: Aging ; motor neuron ; cytoskeletal abnormalities ; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. In order to identify possible morphological changes which occur in the anterior horn of normal individuals during aging, 40 controls with no neurological disease were studied. Brain and spinal cord tissue was processed according to a brain banking protocol. Controls were grouped according to age in 10 year intervals. Serial sections (20 μm) of formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue were obtained, from each cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segment. Every 5th section (until 2mm) was stained with haematoxylin and eosin and the numbers of motor neurons in the anterior horn counted at ×400 magnification. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program. Parallel sections (5 μm) of the same spinal segments were immunostained with a panel of antibodies including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), tau, ubiquitin and two phosphorylated neurofilaments subunits. Significant neuronal loss with aging was found by regression line analysis where three equations were used to calculate the number of motor neurons by age in each spinal segment. In 24/40 cases spheroids were observed and they were more numerous in the lumbar segment. GFAP staining revealed a distinctive cellular pattern in the anterior horn of oldest cases. Large and intensely stained astrocytes were seen in the anterior horn of cases aged over 75 years. The number of astrocytes increased progressively with age up to 70 years. Some of the changes observed in the present study may be the result of a selective vulnerability of large motor neurons to aging which could play an important role in the progression of MND. Most of these changes may also have similar pathophysiological mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007020050088
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How safe is ERCP to the endoscopist? (1997)
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 11 (1997), S. 615 -617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: ERCP — Radiological protection — Radiation exposure protection — Interventional laparoscopy — Common bile duct stones management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Interventional techniques in endoscopy such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) have greatly increased since laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become widespread; mainly these techniques deal with common bile duct stones. Fluoroscopy is usually employed, and chronic exposure to X-ray, in spite of the relative low dose, can lead to potentially unhealthy conditions such as malignancies like bone marrow and other solid cancers. A median of 18 years of life is lost per fatal cancer, including the time of latency since exposure. Nor should one forget benign condition such as cataracts that can lead to partial or complete blindness and which surely impair life's quality. Methods: Simulated examinations were carried at the University Hospital (São Paulo, Brazil) using an anthropomorphic phantom in place of the physician. Four sets of dosimeters were placed in the forehead, neck, torso, and lower abdomen (with and without a lead apron) and standard ERCP fluoroscopic techniques were employed. Results: The dose equivalents were calculated and compared to the recommended exposure doses of national and international boards of radiation protection. Conclusions: Based on the results found and compared to standards, working safely means: (1) A lead (0.5 mm thickness) apron is fundamental. Without it less than one ERCP\/month should be performed. (2) With an apron, 23 examinations/month are allowed. (3) No thyroid protection grants only 19 exams/month. (4) Performing ERCP without lead glasses is hazardous to the eye, allowing only seven ERCPs monthly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004649900405
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the retrieval of lost peritoneal gallstones worthwhile? (1994)
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 8 (1994), S. 1360-1360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188305
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopaminergic function in rat brain after oral administration of calcium-channel blockers or haloperidol. A microdialysis study (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 95 (1994), S. 195-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Brain microdialysis ; dopamine ; haloperidol ; calcium-channel blockers ; flunarizine ; cinnarizine ; verapamil ; nicardipine ; nifedipine ; striatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microdialysis technique was used to study the effects of both acute and repeated oral administration of calcium-channel blockers (flunarizine, cinnarizine, verapamil, nifedipine and nicardipine) in dopaminergic function in rat brain and to compare them to the effects of haloperidol. Acute flunarizine, nicardipine or haloperidol increased extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) or metabolites. After repeated (18 days) administration, nicardipine, nifedipine, verapamil or haloperidol increased and flunarizine decreased extracellular striatal levels of dopamine or metabolites. Chronic treatment with calcium-channel blockers or haloperidol failed to block K+-evoked release of dopamine. This suggests that the calcium-channel blockers used in this study do not influence calcium entry necessary for DA release. An acute challenge with haloperidol caused either no change or a decrease in extracellular levels of DA or metabolites after repeated administration of calcium-channel blockers or haloperidol. This is considered to be due to the lesser response of dopaminergic neurons because of treatment. A neuroleptic-like mechanism of action together with a decrease in firing activity and/or a reduced dopamine re-uptake of dopaminergic neurons are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271566
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood B, T, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in female Wistar rats (1993)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 67 (1993), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Rat leukocytes ; Lymphocyte subsets ; Flow cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have established reference values of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in healthy female Wistar rats under highly standardized conditions. Using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry, T lymphocytes (OX19+), B lymphocytes (OX6+ and antiIg+), T-helper/inducer (W3/25+), and T-suppressor/cytotoxic subsets (OX8+) were determined, from week 11 to week 21 after birth. The mean percentages of T and B lymphocytes with respect to total lymphocytes were 78.5% and 18%, respectively; the mean percentages of T-helper/inducer and T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells in relation to T lymphocytes were 59% and 25%, respectively (n=48). No difference in total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte analysis, or lymphocyte subsets was observed during the 10 weeks the rats were studied under standard housing conditions. Therefore, the period considered seems the most appropriate in which to carry out experiments that could involve lymphocyte subset disturbances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01701732
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