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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 68 (1964), S. 1569-1572 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 13 (1986), S. 282-283 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 12 (1985), S. 9-12 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Minnesotaite, a 2:1 layer sheet silicate, is antifer-romagnetic below 30 K. A spin flop or metamagnetic transition occurs in a small applied magnetic field. Neutron diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy, in an external magnetic field of 4.0 T, show that the magnetic structure consists of Fe2+ spins coupled ferromagnetically in the c plane with alternate ferromagnetic planes coupled antiferromagnetically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 15 (1987), S. 64-70 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mössbauer spectra of glauconite and nontronite recorded at temperatures down to 1.3K and in applied fields up to 4.5 T show that Fe III spin configurations are respectively ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic. It is shown that in a particular material depending on the distribution and concentration of Fe III in the silicate sheet either mode might occur. A new model of competing nearest-neighbour (J 1) and next-nearest-neighbour (J 2) magnetic exchange interactions in the triangular lattice is introduced to account for the results. From available magnetic susceptibilities we estimate ∣J 1∣∼6∣J 2∣. The results lead to the conclusion that the Fe III cations are highly ordered in glauconite and occupy cis sites so as to maximize their mutual separations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 15 (1987), S. 71-77 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mössbauer spectra of biotites (1) and (2) with relative iron concentrations ∼1:1·6 and of their oxidation products are recorded at 4 K in zero field and in applied fields up to 5 T. Magnetic susceptibility data are also reported. The results show that Fe III spins are in a ferromagnetic configuration in the c-plane in both biotites. Partial oxidation of biotite (1) leads to a canted ferromagnetic structure, while complete oxidation of biotite (2) yields an antiferromagnetic spin configuration. Nearest-neighbour antiferromagnetic Fe III-O-Fe III, and ferromagnetic Fe III-O-Fe II and Fe II-O-Fe II superexchange can account for the results. For biotites with higher concentrations of iron, Fe II and Fe III seem to be distributed randomly in the triangular lattice. From susceptibility results in biotites dilute in iron, an estimate of the ratio of nearest-neighbour and next-nearest neighbour magnetic interaction in the triangular lattice is derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 12 (1985), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Biotite ; Mössbauer ; Low-temperature ; External Field ; Ferromagnetic Coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mössbauer spectra of biotite at 4 K are reported. The biotite crystals were oriented with the c-axis parallel to the γ-ray direction and some spectra were recorded with external magnetic fields of 40 kOe applied at right angles to the c-axis. Decrease of the magnetic-hyperfine field of both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions on application of the external field shows that both Fe3+-Fe3+ pairs and Fe2+-Fe2+ pairs are coupled ferromagnetically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 54 (1995), S. 526-533 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 12 (1969), S. 243-267 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Der zu dieser Untersuchung benutzte resistente Stamm von Chrysomya putoria stammt aus dem Kongo, wurde aber vorher etwa 6 Jahre lang im Labor gezüchtet. Frühere Untersuchungen ergaben, daß (1.) seine Resistenz hochspezifisch gegen Malathion und Malaoxon gerichtet ist, (2.) diese Resistenz durch nichtgiftige, dreifach substituierte Phosphor-Verbindungen überwunden werden kann, die als Malathion-Synergisten wirken, und (3.) diese Resistenz durch ein einzelnes, dominantes autosomales Gen vererbt wird. 2. Wenn der Stamm zu Homozygotie selektiert wurde, war er beträchtlich weniger fruchtbar als ein empfindlicher Schmeißfliegen-Stamm. Vergleichende Messung der Lebensdauer, Eiproduktion, Schlüpf-, Verpuppungs- und Puppenschlupfraten zeigte, daß der einzig deutliche Unterschied darin bestand, daß die Anzahl der täglich pro Weibchen produzierten Eier bei dem resistenten Stamm nur etwa halb so groß war wie die des anfälligen. 3. Durch Vergleich der entsprechenden LD 50-Werte der beiden Stämme wurde ein Resistenzspektrum für Malathion-Analoge erhalten und mit ähnlichen Spektren für Stubenfliegen und Mücken verglichen. Wie bei anderen Insekten wurde festgestellt, daß für die Resistenz die Alkyloxy-Gruppe im Malathion-Molekül entscheidend ist (höchste Resistenz mit Methoxy). Die Natur des Carboxy-Alkyl-Restes war relativ unwichtig. 4. Die Kutikula-Durchdringungsrate des Malathion war in den beiden Stämmen etwa die gleiche. 5. Der Malathion-Abbau durch den larvalen Fettkörper in vitro wurde gaschromatographisch gemessen und im resistenten Stamm größer befunden. Dieses Verfahren war jedoch nicht ideal und alle weiteren Versuche wurden daher mit 14C-markiertem Malathion durchgeführt. 6. Abbauprodukte des Malathion, die von larvalem Fettgewebe in vitro entstanden, wurden durch Dünnschichtchromatographie getrennt. Die einzige festgestellte Verbindung entsprach dem Rf-Wert von Malathion-Monoacid. Die Anreicherung desselben entsprach dem Verlust an Malathion und war bei dem resistenten Stamm durchgehend größer. 7. Die symmetrischen, dreifach substituierten Phosphor-Verbindungen, welche sich in früheren Untersuchungen vorzugsweise in resistenten Stämmen als Synergisten von Malathion erwiesen hatten, wurden auf ihre Wirkung beim in vitro-Abbau von Malathion geprüft. Der Abbau wurde in beiden Stämmen bis auf einen Rest verhindert, der geringer war als der des nichtverhinderten empfindlichen Stammes. Andere Synergisten wurden ebenfalls, aber mit unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen erprobt; jedoch war keiner ebenso wirksam wie die der ursprünglichen Serien, die für Carboxyesterase-Hemmer gehalten werden. 8. Larvale Fettkörper wurden homogenisiert und durch Zentrifugieren in verschiedene Fraktionen getrennt. Maximaler Malathion-Abbau war nachweislich mit der Mikrosomen-Fraktion verbunden. 9. Eindringen und Abbau des Malathion wurden in vivo an erwachsenen Schmeißfliegen untersucht. Das Eindringen verlief beim resistenten Stamm etwas schneller, während dann im Inneren Malathion-Monoacid immer doppelt so hoch war wie Malathion. Das Umgekehrte galt für den empfindlichen Stamm. 10. Gewebe adulter Schmeißfliegen wurden homogenisiert und zentrifugiert (wie die larvalen Fettkörper) und wieder fand sich die maximale Aktivität in der Mikrosomen-Fraktion. 11. Die Eigenschaften der Esterasen beider Stämme wurden untersucht. Die Cholinesterase-Niveaus waren etwa gleich, aber die Ali-Esterase-Aktivität betrug in dem resistenten Stamm nur 10–20% der im empfindlichen gefundenen. 12. Homogenisierung und Zentrifugierung der Gewebe zeigten, daß die Ali-Esterase-Aktivität in der Mikrosomen-Fraktion lokalisiert ist. 13. Beide Stämme wurden gekreuzt. Die auf Resistenz ausgelesene Hybridnachkommenschaft hatte niedrigere Ali-Esterase-Spiegel. Paarungen innerhalb eines auf niedrigen Ali-Esterase-Gehalt ausgelesenen Hybridstammes ergaben eine hochresistente Nachkommenschaft.
    Notes: Abstract Biological, toxicological and biochemical comparisons have been made between two strains of Chrysomya putoria, one of them with high specific resistance to malathion. The resistant strain was found to be less prolific than the normal one, due to reduced egg laying, possibly due to inbreeding during several years rearing in the laboratory. The resistance spectrum for malathion analogues, like those already published for strains of Musca domestica and Culex tarsalis, showed that the alkyloxy group on the molecule is critical for resistance (methoxy highest). Ample evidence was obtained (using 14C-malathion and thin-layer chromatography) that the resistant strain possessed an enhanced ability to degrade malathion to malathion monoacid. This was shown by in vitro experiments with larval fat bodies and by in vivo and in vitro studies with adults. A series of compounds known to synergise malathion preferentially in resistant adult flies was found to inhibit malathion degradation by larval fat bodies, in vitro. Esterase studies on both strains showed Ch E levels about the same, but Ali E activity in the resistant strain was only about 15% of that in the susceptible one. Both larval fat bodies and adult blowflies were homogenised and separated into different components by centrifugation. It was then found that both malathion degradation and Ali E activity were associated with the microsomal fraction. Some attempts to select a hybrid strain for low Ali E or high resistance suggested that these two characters were associated. It is concluded that resistance is due to a gene allele which produces a modified enzyme, with increased powers of malathion detoxication but reduced activity to certain aliphatic esters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 28 (1986), S. 451-454 
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mössbauer spectra of nontronite, glauconite and montmorillonite recorded at temperatures down to 1.3 K and in applied fields of up to 4.5 T confirm that nontronite and glauconite are antiferromagnetic at 1.3 K. Glauconite becomes ferromagnetic in applied field. FeIII ions in glauconite are deduced to be coupled ferromagnetically in the plane with alternate ferromagnetic planes coupled by a weak anti ferromagnetic interaction. Magnetic-hyperfine field distributions are computed for the magnetic spectra giving some indication of the relative disorder at particular iron sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 34 (1959), S. 181-198 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The existence of trapped radicals in polymers prepared heterogeneously from vinyl monomers was first deduced from kinetic observations and subsequently confirmed by electron resonance spectroscopy. We have used this latter technique to determine the concentration of trapped polyacrylonitrile radicals obtained as a function of the experimental variables including the degree of swelling of the polymer, the rate of photo-initiation and the temperature of polymerization. In the bulk polymerization of acrylonitrile at 25°C. the fraction of radicals which become trapped is approximately 12% for a conversion of 17%. The concentration of trapped radicals obtained in the presence of N,N-dimethylformamide increases for low concentrations of the swelling agent, passes through a maximum, and subsequently decreases to zero. Qualitatively similar behavior is obtained if the swelling of the polymer is increased by the incorporation of methyl acrylate as commonomer. Addition of a swelling agent to the active photopolymer leads to destruction of the radicals. An increase in the concentration of trapped radicals with increasing light intensity (for a given conversion) is observed initially; at very high intensities the concentration decreases to zero. There is a marked decrease in the concentration of radical as the temperatur of polymerization increase; it is doubtful if trapping occurs significantly at 60°C. There observations are discussed in terms of previous kinetic studies and shown to be in general accord with the occlusion theory of heterogeneous polymerization. The effect of oxygen on the electron-resonance absorption is characterized by a rapid initial decrease followed by a slow decay. The results are tentatively interpreted in terms of the formation of peroxy and/or HO2 radicals. It is surprising that the absorption line obtained with polyacrylonitrile radicals does not show the fine structure which would be expected to arise from interaction of the unpaired electrons with hydrogen and nitrogen nuclei. A possible reason for this is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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