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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seismic Zoning of Slovenia Based on Deterministic Hazard Computations (2000)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 157 (2000), S. 171-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Seismic hazard, seismic zoning, Slovenia.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Seismic hazard of the territory of Slovenia is estimated using a deterministic approach based on the computation of complete synthetic seismograms. The input data are the catalogues of earthquakes and fault plane solutions for Slovenia and surrounding regions. Structural models are defined based on available seismological and geophysical information, but are mainly constrained by surface-wave dispersion and 3-D tomographic modelling of the upper crust. Seismogenic zones are delineated considering geotectonic characteristics, fault plane solutions and distribution of earthquake hypocentres. Outside Slovenia seismogenic zones are extended up to distances from which they can considerably influence seismic hazard estimates.¶Synthetic seismograms are computed using the “receiver” structure along the entire path by normal mode summation (up to 1 Hz) for receiver sites on a 0.2 × 0.2 degrees grid and scaled to the magnitude of the earthquake allowing for spectral falloff. At each site the maximum value of horizontal velocity, horizontal displacement and design ground acceleration are considered as hazard parameter. The highest values are obtained for western Slovenia where the hazard is controlled by the strongest earthquake in the catalogue, the “Idrija” event of March 26, 1511.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00001093
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Contribution to Seismic Hazard Assessment in Croatia from Deterministic Modeling (2000)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 157 (2000), S. 185-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Seismic hazard, deterministic modeling, synthetic seismograms, Croatia.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —Some of the elements of regional seismic hazard in Croatia are assessed by computing synthetic accelerograms at a predetermined set of sites. The input dataset consists of structural models, parameters of seismic sources, and an updated earthquake catalog. Synthetic strong-motion time series for frequencies below 1 Hz are computed on a grid of sites using the modal summation technique. The long-period hazard is described by the distribution of estimated peak values of ground displacement, velocity and acceleration, while the short-period hazard is represented by the map of design ground acceleration values (DGA). The highest values of DGA exceeding 0.35 g on the base-rock level are found in the southeastern coastal part of the country, in the greater Dubrovnik area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00001094
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seismic Hazard of Romania: Deterministic Approach (2000)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 157 (2000), S. 221-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Seismic hazard, deterministics modeling, Romania, Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —The seismic hazard of Romania is estimated in terms of peak-ground motion values—displacement, velocity, design ground acceleration (DGA)—computing complete synthetic seismograms, which are considered to be representative of the different seismogenic and structural zones of the country. The deterministic method addresses issues largely neglected in probabilistic hazard analysis, e.g., how crustal properties affect attenuation, since the ground motion parameters are not derived from overly simplified attenuation “functions,” but rather from synthetic time histories. The synthesis of the hazard is divided into two parts, one that of shallow-focus earthquakes, and the other, that of intermediate-focus events of the Vrancea region.¶The previous hazard maps of Romania completely ignore the seismic activity in the southeastern part of the country (due to the seismic source of Shabla zone). For the Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes, which control the seismic hazard level over most of the territory, the comparison of the numerical results with the historically-based intensity map show significant differences. They could be due to possible structural or source properties not captured by our modeling, or to differences in the distribution of damageable buildings over the territory (meaning that future earthquakes can be more spectacularly damaging in regions other than those regions experiencing damage in the past). Since the deterministic modeling is highly sensitive to the source and path effects, it can be used to improve the seismological parameters of the historical events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00001096
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of Site Effects in Bucharest Caused by the May 30 – 31, 1990, Vrancea Seismic Events (2000)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 157 (2000), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Bucharest, Vrancea earthquakes, strong ground motion, 2-D numerical modelling, variability of local soil effects.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The Vrancea region seismicity, characterized by focal depths larger than 60 km and major events with magnitudes M w≥ 6.9, is responsible for the most destructive effects experienced in the Romanian territory, and may seriously affect high risk construction located on a wide area, from Central to Eastern Europe. This seismogenic volume must be taken into account both for seismic hazard analysis at the regional level (southeastern Europe) and national level (Romania and Bulgaria) as well as for microzonation studies of the highly populated cities located in the range of influence of this source. Since about four destructive earthquakes occur every century in Vrancea, the microzonation of Bucharest, the main city exposed to the potential damages due to these strong intermediate-depth shocks, represents an essential step towards the mitigation of the local seismic risk. Two main approaches can be considered for the evaluation of the local seismic hazard: (a) collection and extended use, for engineering purposes, of the recorded strong motion data, and (b) advanced modelling techniques that allow us the computation of a realistic seismic input, which can compensate for the lack of strong motion records, actually available only for a few events that occurred in the last 20–30 years.¶Using a ground motion simulation technique that combines modal summation and finite differences, we analyze, along a geologic profile representative of the Bucharest area, the differences in the expected ground motion when two source mechanisms corresponding to the May 30–31, 1990, intermediate-depth Vrancea earthquakes, typical events for the Vrancea seismogenic zone, are considered. All three components of motion are influenced by the presence of the deep alluvial sediments, the strongest local effect being visible in the transversal (T) one, both observed and computed. The details of the local effects vary with varying the earthquake scenario, R and V components being very sensitive. Therefore, for a reliable determination of the seismic input all three components of motion (R, V and T) should be used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00001097
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Main Features of the Local Geological Conditions Can Explain the Macroseismic Intensity Caused in Xiji-Langfu (Beijing) by the Ms = 7.7 Tangshan 1976 Earthquake (1998)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 152 (1998), S. 507-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Macroseismic intensity, Tangshan 1976 earthquake, synthetic seismograms, soil amplifi cation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —The special geological conditions in the Xiji-Langfu area are the main reason for the anomalous high macroseismic intensity caused by the Tangshan, 1976 earthquake. The area is formed by deep deposits - mainly alluvium sands and clays poorly consolidated and with high water content - that have been trapped by the Xiadian fault. From simulated ground motion we have computed quantities commonly used for engineering purposes like the acceleration maximum amplitude (AMAX) and the total energy of ground motion (W), which is related to the Arias Intensity. The thick low velocity deposits are responsible for the large increment of the values of AMAX and W inside the basin. On the two sides of the Xiadian fault AMAX and W can vary by 200% and 700% respectively, and these variations are quite stable with varying thickness of the sedimentary deposit used in the models. With the existing relationships between acceleration (AMAX) and macroseismic intensity (I) our results can explain the large values of I observed in the Xiji-Langfu area, in connection with the Tangshan earthquake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050164
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deterministic Seismic Zoning of Eastern Cuba (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 469-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Seismic hazard, synthetic seismograms, deterministic modelling, Cuba.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —A deterministic seismic zoning of Cuba is performed by modelling, with modal summation, the complete P-SV and SH waves fields generated by point-source earthquakes buried in flat-layered anelastic media. The results of the computation, performed for periods greater than 1 second, are presented in two sets of maps of maximum displacement (d max), maximum velocity (v max) and design ground acceleration (DGA), obtained by using two different criteria in the definition of the input magnitude: (1) values reported in the earthquake catalogue (M obs) and (2) values determined from seismotectonic considerations (M max). A comparison with the results of a previous probabilistic seismic zoning is made to test the possibility of making intensity — ground motion conversion with the aid of log-linear regressions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050308
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetic Seismogram Based Deterministic Seismic Zoning for the Hungarian Part of the Pannonian Basin (2000)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 157 (2000), S. 205-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Synthetic seismograms, deterministic modelling, seismic hazard, design ground acceleration.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —Deterministic seismic hazard computations have been done for the Hungarian part of the Pannonian basin within the framework of a cooperation of five countries. Synthetic seismograms have been computed by the modal summation method up to 1 Hz in order to determine the expected maximum displacement (D MAX), velocity (V MAX) and the design ground acceleration (DGA) on a 0.2°× 0.2° grid. DGA values have been estimated from the seismograms by using the standard.¶This investigation justified the suspicion that a considerable part of seismic hazard of Hungary comes from the seismogenic zones of the neighbouring countries. The highest DGA reaches a value as high as 0.14 g (which corresponds approximately to the VIII intensity degree in the MSK-64 scale). Among the six largest cities of Hungary, three art particularly subject to a high seismic risk. Greater acceleration values have been found for the cities of Szeged and Debrecen than was expected before this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00001095
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Irpinia, Italy, 1980 earthquake: waveform modelling of strong motion data (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 101 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Several strong motion records of the Irpinia (southern Italy) 1980 earthquake have been modelled for a total time duration of about 180 s with the use of the multimode summation of waves of P—SV and SH type. If waveform modelling is applied to unfiltered accelerations the best that can be done, at present, is amplitude envelope matching in time and frequency domain. The early phase of the studied event can be synthesized by 12 main episodes of different sizes, modelling the rupturing process. The space-time distribution of such episodes suggests that the rupturing process did propagate in a bilateral fashion. This model of the seismic source gives rise to synthetic velocity records which match quite well the experimental ones. To avoid the problems connected with the large instability of displacements obtained from direct numerical integration of observed accelerograms, the synthetic signals can be first used to perform acceleration or velocity fitting of experimental data; an estimate of the ground displacement above 1 Hz can then be obtained by analytical integration of the synthetic velocities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb05575.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free Air CO2 Enrichment of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): development, growth and yield (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: A FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) experiment was carried out on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Primura) in 1995 in Italy. Three FACE rings were used to fumigate circular field plots of 8 m diameter while two rings were used as controls at ambient CO2 concentrations. Four CO2 exposure levels were used in the rings (ambient, 460, 560 and 660 μmol mol–1). Phenology and crop development, canopy surface temperature, above- and below-ground biomass were monitored during the growing season. Crop phenology was affected by elevated CO2, as the date of flowering was progressively anticipated in the 660, 560, 460 μmol mol–1 treatments. Crop development was not affected significantly as plant height, leaf area and the number of leaves per plant were the same in the four treatments. Elevated atmospheric CO2 levels had, instead, a significant effect on the accumulation of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC = soluble sugars + starch) in the leaves during a sunny day. Specific leaf area was decreased under elevated CO2 with a response that paralleled that of TNC concentrations. This reflected the occurrence of a progressive increase of photosynthetic rates and carbon assimilation in plants exposed to increasingly higher levels of atmospheric CO2. Tuber growth and final tuber yield were also stimulated by rising CO2 levels. When calculated by regression of tuber yield vs. the imposed levels of CO2concentration, yield stimulation was as large as 10% every 100 μmol mol–1 increase, which translated into over 40% enhancement in yield under 660 μmol mol–1. This was related to a higher number of tubers rather than greater mean tuber mass or size. Leaf senescence was accelerated under elevated CO2 and a linear relationship was found between atmospheric CO2 levels and leaf reflectance measured at 0.55 μm wavelength. We conclude that significant CO2 stimulation of yield has to be expected for potato under future climate scenarios, and that crop phenology will be affected as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00120.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetic seismograms in laterally heterogeneous, anelastic media by modal summation of P-SV-waves (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 99 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In the computation of synthetic seismograms by modal summation, when a medium with a sharp lateral discontinuity is considered, a fundamental role is played by a coupling coefficient Γjj,. The coefficient Γjj, is defined via an integral relation involving products between displacements and stresses and can be evaluated both numerically and analytically. The calculation of Γjj can be reduced to the analytical computation of a sum of integrals of elementary functions. The analytical method proved to be particularly convenient for its speed and precision of the results obtained.The energy redistribution within the different modes is illustrated, both in the frequency and in the time domain. Mode conversion cannot be neglected when dealing with higher modes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb01688.x
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