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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural cytochemical studies of cerebral microvasculature in scrapie infected mice (1981)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 53 (1981), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructural cytochemistry ; Plasma membrane phosphatases ; Blood-brain barrier ; Scrapie ; Endothelial cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alkaline phosphatase, 5′-nucleotidase nucleoside diphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase activities were studied by cytochemical method applied to electron microscopy of brain microvasculature in normal and scrapie infected mice. In control mice, the major location of all phosphatases studied was the luminal plasma membrane of the endothelial cells. In scrapie infected mice, changes in activity and distribution of the above mentioned phosphatases manifested themselves in the appearance of the reaction product on the abluminal side of the vessel wall. Our data presents evidence that following scrapie infection, these enzymes change their specific localization along the endothelial cell membranes. These enzymatic changes may serve as useful indicators of some alterations in the mammalian blood-brain barrier following infection by scrapie agent in the mouse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688023
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultracytochemical studies of vesicular and canalicular transport structures in the injured mammalian blood-brain barrier (1983)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 61 (1983), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Endothelial cells ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Native ferritin ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Pinocytic transport system ; Canalicular transport system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultracytochemical investigation was performed to study the origin of pinocytic vesicles and canalicular structures within endothelial cells (EC) of the injured mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB). To accomplish this goal, two electron-dense tracers, native ferritin (NF) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), were used in conjunction with the detection of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, a known marker of EC plasmalemma of brain micro-blood vessels. Brain ECs from (1) mice subjected to crude leptomeningeal damage for 1, 2, or 3 days and (2) cats subjected to cold lesion injury for 1, 4, or 24h were evaluated for tracer transport and AP activity. Fine structural analysis of leaking segments of micro-blood vessels from damaged cerebral cortex or basal ganglia demonstrated pinocytic vesicles, deep invaginations of the luminal plasmalemma and elongated, tubular profiles, all containing tracer. Because we observed in ECs from both experimental models of brain injury a positive reaction for AP activity in the luminal plasmalemma, in its deep invaginations, in deliminating membranes of pinocytic vesicles, and in tubulo-canalicular structures, we conclude that all types of transport structures derive from the same 100Å thick exoplasmic plasmalemmal membranes. Further, besides the pinocytic vesicular transport system (PTS), the canalicular transport system (CTS) appears to serve as an additional important mechanism for macromolecular transport across the damaged mammalian BBB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691992
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural studies of concanavalin A receptors and 5′-nucleotidase localization in normal and injured mouse cerebral microvasculature (1984)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 63 (1984), S. 210-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructural cytochemistry ; Concanavalin A receptors ; 5′-Nucleotidase ; Blood-brain barrier ; Vesiculo-canalicular transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plant lectin concanavalin A conjugated with ferritin (Con A-F) injected i.v. was used for the detection of the specific monosaccharide residues (α-d-mannosyl and α-d-glucosyl) on the luminal surface of endothelial cells (ECs) in brain micro-blood vessels (MBVs). Both normal mice and animals with mechanically damaged blood-brain barrier (BBB) were used in this study. In addition, the activity of 5′-nucleotidase (5′N), the putative receptor for Con A, was studied cytochemically. Various methodologic experiments indicated that the reaction product formed on the luminal plasmalemma of ECs after incubation of samples in the cytochemical medium for the detection of 5′N activity results from the action of unspecific phosphatase hydrolyzing both specific and nonspecific substrates. The abluminal side of the wall of MBVs seems to be a major location of 5′N activity. Thus, no correlation between cytochemically demonstrable 5′N activity and Con A receptor sites on the luminal surface of ECs was noted. After damage of the BBB, extensive internalization of the luminal plasmalemma forming the limiting membranes of pinocytotic vesicles, vacuoles, and endothelial channel-like structures was observed. This process was represented by a relatively rapid translocation of Con A receptors from luminal surface into the interior of the ECs and to the abluminal side of the vessel wall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685247
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the distribution of endothelial surface glycoconjugates associated with altered permeability of brain micro-blood vessels (1986)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 70 (1986), S. 103-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cold-lesion injury ; Blood-brain barrier ; Lectin-gold complexes ; Surface glycoconjugates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lectin-binding sites located on the endothelial cell (EC) surfaces in unaltered, leaking and resorbing micro-blood vessels (MBVs) in cryo-injured cat brain were studied. Lectin or glycoprotein-gold complexes and brain samples embedded in hydrophilic resin Lowicryl K4M were used. The lectins tested recognize the following residues: β-d-galactosyl (Ricinus communis agglutinin 120, RCA and peanut agglutinin, PNA), sialyl (Limax flavus agglutinin),N-acetyl-d-galactosaminyl (Helix pomatia agglutinin and soybean agglutinin, SBA), α-d-glucosyl and α-d-mannosyl (concanavalin A). The luminal front was labeled with SBA, and both fronts of the EC were labeled with PNA only after neuraminidase digestion. The most abundant and regularly distributed on both fronts of the EC were β-d-galactosyl residues (RCA). These residues were also most affected in altered MBVs. The labeling of sialic acid residues was less pronounced on both sides of the EC. Following alteration of the function of the blood-brain barrier by cold-lesion injury, in leaking MBVs which represent increased luminal transport, we observed a conspicuous diminution of the labeling of the luminal surface of the EC with some lectins. On the other hand, in resorbing blood vessels located in the area of edema, where a presumably reverse (abluminal) transport occurs, major changes in the distribution of lectin-binding sites occurred on the abluminal front of the EC and in the basement membrane. The results reported here indicate that luminal and abluminal fronts of the EC change their properties in various functional conditions of MBVs, and that these changes can also be a reflection of functional polarity of brain endothelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691427
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the distribution of anionic sites in brain micro-blood vessels with and without amyloid deposits in scrapie-infected mice (1990)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1990), S. 355-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Scrapie ; Blood vessels ; Anionic sites ; Cationic colloidal gold ; Amyloid angiopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cationic colloidal gold (CCG) and scrapie-infected mouse brain samples embedded in Lowicryl K4M were used for ultrastructural localization of negatively charged microdomains (anionic sites) in the cerebral microvasculature. The distribution of anionic sites on both fronts (luminal and abluminal) of endothelial cells and in the basement membrane (BM) in the majority of micro-blood vessels (MBVs) located outside the plaque area and in the remaining cerebral cortex was similar to that which has been previously observed in non-infected animals. Some MBVs (especially capillaries), however, located inside the plaque areas and surrounded directly by amyloid fibers contained attenuated endothelium, the luminal surface of which showed a segmental lack or diminution of anionic sites. In these vessels the BM was frequently infiltrated and replaced by the amyloid fibers. In some vessels located mainly in the areas of the neuropil vacuolization deposits of homogenous material causing the thickening of the BM were noted. These changes were accompanied by irregular labeling of the BM with gold particles. At the sites of bifurcation of some MBVs, predominantly in the area of the venular estuary at the mouth of capillary (at capillary-venular connections), a discontinuity in the distribution of anionic sites was noted. The observed disturbances in the distribution of anionic sites can be associated with a previously noted increased permeability of some MBVs in the brains of scrapie-infected mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308711
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural studies of glycoconjugates in brain micro-blood vessels and amyloid plaques of scrapie-infected mice (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 75 (1988), S. 277-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Scrapie ; Blood vessels ; Amyloid plaques ; Glycoconjugates ; Lectin-gold complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lectin or glycoprotein-gold complexes and samples of scrapie-infected mouse brain embedded in Lowicryl K4M were used for ultrastructural localization of glycoconjugates. The lectins tested recognize the following residues: β-D-galactosyl [RCA,Ricinus communis agglutinin (aggl.) 120], N-acetyl and N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (LFA,Limax flavus aggl.), N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl and sialyl (WGA, Wheat germ aggl.), N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl (HPA,Helix pomatia aggl., and DBA,Dolichosbiflorus aggl.), α-D-mannosyl/α-D-glucosyl (Con A, Concanavalin A), α-D-galactosyl and α-D-galactopyranoside (BSA,Bandeirea simplicifolia aggl., izolectin B4). Labeling of the majority of micro-blood vessels (MBVs) located outside the plaque area and in the remaining cerebral cortex was similar to that which has been previously observed in non-infected animals. Some MBVs, however, located inside the plaque area and surrounded directly by amyloid fibers showed attenuation of the endothelium, the surface of which was scarcely and irregularly decorated with RCA, LFA, WGA and Con A. These abnormalities in the composition of glycoconjugates can be associated with previously noted increased permeability of some MBVs in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. Some vessels in the plaque area were encapsulated by perivascular deposits of homogenous or flocculogranular material containing several glycoconjugates. A very intimate structural relation between reactive (microglial-like) cells and amyloid fibers suggests the participation of these cells in elaboration of plaque material. Labeling of the cell surface and adjacent amyloid fibers with the same lectins (RCA, WGA, DBA, Con A) suggests the possibility that the glycosylation of these fibers occurs extracellularly. Only WGA and DBA were occasionally labeling some Golgi elements of the reactive cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690536
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lectin histochemistry of plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 73 (1987), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Neuritic plaques ; Amyloid ; Neurofibrillary tangles ; Lectin receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biotinyl derivatives of several lectins and avidin-horseradish peroxidase were used to study the localization of glycoconjugates in amyloid plaques and in neuritic tangles in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Downs syndrome (DS) and Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome (GSS). The lectins tested recognize the following residues: β-d-galactosyl [Ricinus communis agglutinin 120, (RCA-1) and peanut agglutinin, (PNA)]; α-d-galactosyl [Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin (GSA)]; α-d-mannosyl〉α-d-glucosyl [concanavalin A (Con A) andLens culinaris agglutinin (LcH)];N-acetyl- andN-glycolylneuraminic acid [Limax flavus agglutinin (LFA) andLimulus polyphemus agglutinin (LPA)];N-acetyl-glucosaminyl and sialyl [wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)];N-acetyl-d-galactosaminyl [Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) andDolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA)] and α-l-fucosyl [Ulex europeus agglutinin (UEA-1)]. The majority of lectins listed above bind preferentially to the peripheral area of AD plaques, whereas in plaques of DS they are mainly bound to central amyloid core. In neurofibrillary tangles of AD brains only residues recognized by WGA and HPA or DBA were found, whereas in DS brains, in addition to above mentioned, β-d-galactose (RCA-1) and sialic acid (LFA) were also present. In brain microblood vessels the strongest reaction in endothelia appeared with UEA-1 and RCA-1, indicating the abundance of α-l-fucosyl and β-d-galactosyl residues. In AD brains deposits of amyloid were noted in the wall of some blood vessels, where monosaccharide residues recognized by RCA-1, GSA, UEA and WGA but not by Con A and LFA were present. However, our studies of some organs (liver, kidney, heart and testes) of patients with generalized amyloidosis revealed a lack of these sugar residues. It indicates, that the composition of amyloid present in brains of AD is different to that in other organs in generalized amyloidosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695495
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultracytochemical evidence for endothelial channel-lysosome connections in mouse brain following blood-brain barrier changes (1981)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 53 (1981), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Acid phosphatase ; Brain injury ; Vesiculo-channel canalicular system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An investigation designed to define relationships between endothelial channels and lysosomes was conducted in the mammalian brain microvasculature. Microvessels from normal and mechanically injured mouse brains were studied ultracytochemically for: (1) transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) protein tracer through endothelial channels, and (2) for acid phosphatase (AcP) activity as an enzymatic marker of lysosomes. Following traumatic brain injury for 1 week with 2 h circulation of intravenously injected HRP, selected brain slices were processed for ultrastructural localization of either HRP, AcP, or for both reactions together within the same tissue slices. One week after blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, the presence of HRP reaction product (RP) was observed within endothelial channels and vesicles of capillaries and arterioles with concomitant increase in lysosomal enzymatic activity of the endothelial cells bordering regions of brain damage. Lysosomes were observed to be directly connected to the endothelial channels. Our observations present cytochemical evidence for endothelial channel-lysosome connections which may suggest intralysosomal modification of blood-born materials before entering the neuropil. Such modification could have important immunological and/or metabolic significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688022
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultracytochemical studies of the blood-meningeal barrier (BMB) in rat spinal cord (1981)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 55 (1981), S. 113-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-meningeal barrier ; Membrane flow ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Protamine sulfate ; Specific and nonspecific phosphatases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alkaline phosphatase(AP),5′-nucleotidase(5′N) and nucleoside diphosphatase (NDPase) activities were studied by cytochemical methods applied to light and electron microscopy in the microvasculature of spinal cord leptomeningeal strips of normal and protamine sulfate (PS) treated rats. The increased permeability to intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase was observed in some segments of microvessels of PS treated rats. Enhanced formation of plasmalemmal pits and deep invaginations, formation of numerous pinocytic vesicles and the appearance of channel-like structures in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells were the most striking ultrastructural evidence of increased permeability of the affected microvessels. All of these structures also showed activity of AP, and to lesser extent, of NDPase; 5′N activity was mainly associated with the delimiting membranes of pinocytic vesicles. Our data present evidence that a shift of enzymatic activity from luminal to abluminal surface of affected endothelial cells results from membrane flow accompanying increased transport activity via formation of pinocytic vesicles and channel-like structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00699236
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lectin histochemistry of scrapie amyloid plaques (1986)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 69 (1986), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Scrapie ; Amyloid plaques ; Glycoconjugates ; Lectin binding sites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peroxidase-labeled lectins were used for detection of specific monosaccharide residues in amyloid plaques in brains of scrapie-infected mice. The lectins tested recognize the following residues: β-d-galactosyl (Ricinus communis agglutinin 120, RCA-1), α-d-galactosyl and α-d-galactopyranoside (Bandeirea simplicifolia aggl., BSA), α-d-mannosyl and α-d-glucosyl (Concanavalin A, Con A), N-acetylglucosaminyl and sialyl (Wheat germ aggl., WGA), sialoglycoconjugates (Limulus polyphemus aggl., LPA), α-l-fucosyl (Ulex europeus aggl., UEA-1 and Tetragonolobus aggl., TPA), N-acetyl-d-galactosaminyl (Helix pomatia aggl., HPA). The most intense staining reaction in amyloid plaques was observed with BSA and WGA; it was less intense with RCA-1, Con A, and HPA. This indicates that the plaque material contains glycoproteins with abundance of accessible residues of α- and β-galactose, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and N-actyl-d-galactosamine, and some types of sialoglycoconjugates recognized by WGA. Such residues, like α-l-flucosyl recognized by UEA-1 and TPA, were almost undectectable in the examined plaques. There were also some differences in the staining intensity between small and large plaques (WGA and HPA) and between central and peripheral areas of the plaques. In the wall of micro-blood vessels relatively strong staining reaction was observed with RCA and BSA and less intense with WGA and Con A.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688295
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