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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minireview Current methodologies for the study of pineal morphophysiology (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 16 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Welsh MG. Current methodologies for the study of pineal morphophysiology. J Pineal Res 1994; 16: 113–120.〈section xml:id="abs1-1"〉〈title type="main"〉AbstractLight and electron microscopes, with or without the use of immunohistochemical techniques, have been the instruments of choice for study of the pineal complex even up to recent times. Other morphological technologies have become available during the past decade that, if applied to current questions concerning pineal morphophysiology, could add considerably to our understanding of this complex system. Those technologies discussed include confocal scanning laser microscopy (in conjunction with other techniques including immunohistochemistry and three-dimensional reconstruction), tissue culture methodologies, carbocyanine dyes (i. e., DiI), in situ hybridization, and application of microinjection methodologies. It is suggested that these technologies will be necessary for morphophysiolo-gists to not only collaborate with molecular biologists and biochemists who study the pineal complex, but to corroborate the molecular and biochemical results of our colleagues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1994.tb00090.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cerebrospinal Fluid-Contacting Area of the Deep Pineal: Effects of Photoperiod (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 7 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The surface of the pineal recess of the Syrian hamster demonstrates three morphologically distinct zones that are classified as the peripheral, transitional, and central zones. The central zone is the most remarkable because of the number of distinguishable morphological specializations in this region that appear to indicate interaction between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and associated ventricular structures and the deep pineal gland. CSF-contacting pinealocytes are present in the central zone and have a relatively indistinct ventricular surface except for the presence of surface blebs and pinealocyte processes that course on the surface of the deep pineal. Supraependy-mal neurons and neuronal processes appear to converge on the central zone, occasionally having presumptive terminals that are associated with the cells of the central zone. When the hamsters were maintained in a short photoperiod (LD 8: 16), the CSF-contacting area of the pineal recess was significantly larger in those hamsters killed 2 hours before lights off compared to those killed 2 hours before lights on (P 〈 0.01). There were no significant differences in the CSF-contacting area when comparing two groups of hamsters maintained in a long photoperiod (LD 14: 10, killed 2 hours before lights on and lights off, respectively). There was statistically significant interaction (P 〈 0.05) between the lighting cycle and the time of day of death on the appearance of CSF-contacting pinealocytes. The hamsters maintained in LD 8: 16 had significantly reduced testicular weights when compared to those maintained in LD 14: 10. The plasticity of the central zone and the associated CSF-contacting pinealocytes of the pineal recess of the hamster are evidence that this region demonstrates morphological changes that are dependent upon the physiological state of the animal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1989.tb00912.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Acute Light Exposure Upon Melatonin Content, NAT Activity, and Nuclear Volume in the Gerbil Pineal Complex (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 1 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report describes the response of both the superficial and deep components of the gerbil pineal gland to a 30-min pulse of fluorescent light at the time of the nocturnal peak in pineal activity. When gerbils were maintained in a 14 h light: 10 h dark photoperiod, mean melatonin concentrations in the superficial pineal gland ranged between 72 and 108 pg/gland during the day and first 4 h of darkness, rose to a peak of 399 pg/gland 7 h after lights out, then returned to basal levels at the expected time of light onset. Pineal melatonin contents were reduced to daytime values within 30 min after exposure of gerbils to fluorescent light at the time of the nocturnal peak. These changes in superficial pineal melatonin content reflected the circadian pattern in serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity, as would be expected if NAT controls melatonin synthesis. In addition to the reductions in NAT and melatonin content induced by nocturnal photic stimulation, there was a 30% reduction in mean pinealocyte nuclear volume. A nocturnal elevation in melatonin content but not in NAT activity occurred in the deep pineal gland. Unlike the superficial pineal gland, the deep pineal gland did not demonstrate a response in melatonin content, NAT activity, or pinealocyte nuclear volumes upon exposure of gerbils to light at the time of the nocturnal peak in superficial pineal activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1984.tb00224.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochemical Analysis of Calcium Distribution in the Superficial Pineal Gland of the Mongolian Gerbil (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of pineal research 1 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The potassium pyroantimonate-osmium method was employed to determine the distribution of cations in the superficial pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil. The reaction product in the glands was presumed to be calcium following the use of both the chelator EGTA and x-ray microanalysis. A gradient of reaction product was found in the pineal with the highest concentrations occurring in and around the pineal concretions (PC). The periphery of mature PC demonstrated a heavy precipitate as did the surrounding pinealocytes. PC-associated pinealoeytes contained reaction product in many organelles, including small vesicles that appeared to be opening in the direction of the concretions. The vacuoles of the pinealocytes contained various concentrations of precipitate. The results obtained in the present investigation have led to a hypothesis on the formation of pineal concretions: (1) a pinealocyte vacuole is formed, (2) calcium is transported to the vacuole, (3) the cation content of the vacuole increases, and (4) the cations precipitate into an immature concretion. Fibrillar material and an amorphous substance located within the pinealocyte vacuole appear to form cation containing vesicles that contribute to the periphery of the developing PC, resulting in the continued growth of the concretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.1984.tb00221.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y immunoreactivity in pineal glands developing in situ and in pineal grafts (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 515-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Grafts ; Transplants ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Neuropeptide Y ; Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) ; Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Postnatal development of the innervation of the pineal gland in situ as well as the reinnervation of pineal grafts by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were examined using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers appeared in the pineal gland on the second postnatal day (P2) in both hamsters and gerbils. NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibers first appeared in the pineal gland of gerbils on P2 and in the hamsters on P3. By the seventh postnatal day (P7), the pineal glands of both hamsters and gerbils were richly innervated by TH- and NPY-fibers that appeared as smooth fibers or fibers with sporadic varicosities. By the age of 4 weeks, the innervation of the pineal glands of hamsters and gerbils by TH-and NPY-fibers was fully developed. Abundant TH- and NPY-fibers formed a dense meshwork in the parenchyma of the superficial and deep pineals. The great majority of the fibers bore a large number of varicosities. More NPY-fibers were found in the pineal glands of gerbils than hamsters. NPY fibers were distributed evenly throughout the pineal glands of the gerbil, but they were more often located in the central region of the superficial pineal of the hamster. For the pineal grafts, superficial pineals from neonatal and 4-week-old hamsters were transplanted to different sites in the third cerebral ventricle (infundibular recess, posterior third ventricle) or beneath the renal capsule. The pineal grafts from 4-week-old donors appeared to undergo severe degeneration and eventually disappeared. The pineal grafts from neonatal hamsters, however, successfully survived and became well integrated into their new locations. Abundant TH-and NPY-fibers in the host brain were found surrounding the pineal grafts placed in the third cerebral ventricle, but were only rarely seen entering the parenchyma of the grafts. A few TH-fibers were demonstrated in the renal grafts 4 weeks after transplantation. These studies describe the postnatal development of the innervation of the pineal glands in situ by TH-and NPY-nerve fibers, and demonstrate a lack of reinnervation of cerebroventricular pineal grafts by TH and NPY fibers from adjacent host brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319041
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of confocal laser scanning microscopy to the deep pineal gland and other neural tissues (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 231 (1991), S. 473-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The study of the deep pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil and other neuronal tissue from the rat by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is described. Opical serial sectioning was performed on thick (100-200 μm) sections of the deep pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil stained immunohis-tochemically using antisera to S-antigen and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Both dual-stained and single-stained material was examined using the fluorochromes fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and Texas Red. High resolution images were obtained showing that pinealocytes have 1-3 processes that extend primarily to other pinealocytes or presumptive pinealocytes. Pinealocytes are located within the deep pineal gland as well as adjacent to the posterior aspect of the medial habenular nuclei. Pinealocyte processes were not seen extending into the habenular nuclei, but rather ended within the deep pineal gland a significant distance from their perikarya. The TH-immunopositive fibers were distributed throughout the deep pineal gland, often forming “baskets” of fibers around pinealocytes rather than being associated primarily with blood vessels. Other uses of the confocal microscope are demonstrated on rat neural tissue reacted with peroxidase/diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemistry and FITC fluorescence immunohistochemistry (paraventricular nucleus) as well as Golgi-stained neuronal tissue (cerebral cortex). The HRP/DAB and Golgi-stained images were visualized using the reflected image mode of the confocal system. A summary of the advantages of CLSM include the following: (1) the optical sectioning capabilities allow for true three-dimensional imaging thus aiding in the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a cell plus cell-cell associations, (2) intact tissue as well as thick sections can be used without mechanical sectioning artifacts, (3) higher resolution can be obtained due to elimination of out-of-focus fluorescence, (4) CLSM requires significantly less time than other three-dimensional reconstruction techniques, and (5) once computerized, the data can be analyzed or processed in a variety of ways.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092310410
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 323-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Gerbil ; Pinealocytes ; Concretions ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy was employed in a study of the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). It was determined that the gerbil pineal gland contains pinealocytes and glial cells with the pinealocytes being the predominant cell type. The pinealocytes contain numerous organelles traditionally considered as being either synthetic or secretory in function such as an extensive Golgi region, smooth (SER) and rough (RER) endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles and microtubules. Other cytoplasmic components are also present in the pinealocytes (synaptic ribbons, subsurface cisternae) for which no function has been assigned. Dense-cored vesicles are rare. Vacuolated pinealocytes are present and appear to be intimately associated with the formation of the pineal concertions. Evidence presented supports the proposal that the concretions form within the vacuoles. Once the concretions reach an enlarged state, the vacuolated pinealocytes break down and the concretions are thus extruded into the extracellular space where they apparently continue to increase in size. The morphology of the glial cells was interpreted as indicative of a high synthetic activity. The glial cells contain predominantly the rough variety of endoplasmic reticulum and form an expansion around the wide perivascular area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209044
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intraventricular blood vessels associated with the deep pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 587-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Blood vessels ; Choroid plexus ; Suprapineal recess (dorsal sac) ; CSF-contacting ; Mongolian gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intraventricular blood vessels and choroidal-like cells were studied using scanning electron microscopy and correlative light microscopy. The intraventricular blood vessels were covered on their ependymal surface with a layer of cells essentially identical to the ependyma of the choroid plexus in the gerbil. Similar choroidal-like cells were seen either singly or in clusters associated with the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting pinealocytes of the suprapineal recess. Processes of the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting pinealocytes were seen extending to and making contact with the choroidal-like cells. The intraventricular blood vessels appeared to be derived from the choroid plexus, and typically took one of three courses in and around the surface of the deep pineal: (1) the vessels or their equivalent were located in the suprapineal recess with no indication of penetration into the substance of the deep pineal; (2) the vessels coursed from the suprapineal recess around the anterior surface of the habenular commissure to enter the ventral surface of the deep pineal; or (3) the vessels entered the parenchyma of the deep pineal from its dorsal surface and could be seen coursing through the substance of the gland. The close association between the choroidal-like cells and the intraventricular blood vessels with the deep pineal gland add morphological support for the possibility of interaction between the cerebrospinal fluid, or perhaps the choroid plexus, and the deep pineal gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217330
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 95-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Gerbil ; Pinealocytes ; Morphometric analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of morphometric analytical procedures, a diurnal rhythm in the cellular volume of gerbil pinealocytes was determined. This rhythm has been attributed primarily to a change in the cytoplasmic volume of the pinealocytes which is low during the daylight hours and increases to reach a peak during the middle of the dark period. At the ultrastructural level, six cytoplasmic components of the pinealocytes were found to exhibit a rhythm: free cytoplasm, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and ribosomes, secretory vesicles, microtubules, and mitochondria. The presumptive secretory vesicles and the microtubules reached a peak in volume one hour before lights-off. It is suggested that lights-on and lights-off both signal a decrease in size and/or number of the secretory vesicles. The SER and RER/ribosomes reached their peak volume one hour after lights-off which is interpreted as indicating a peak in indoleamine synthesis and protein synthesis, respectively. The volume of free cytoplasm exhibits two peaks; one occurs one hour before lights-off while the second peak occurs in the middle of the dark phase. It is suggested that, although part of the secretory product of the pinealocyte may be present in dense-cored vesicles, other locations could include the free cytoplasm and clear secretory vesicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235167
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 111-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Morphometric analysis ; Superior cervical ganglionectomy ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphometric analytical procedures were employed to study the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil following superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGX). The purpose of this study was to define the effects of sympathetic denervation on the morphology of the gland at two time periods, 0500 and 1900 h (one hour before lights-on and lights-off, respectively). Fluorescence histochemistry was employed to determine catecholamine and indoleamine content in intact and denervated pineal glands. After SCGX, the pinealocytes decrease in size, concretions are prevented from forming, and the yellow fluorescence in the gland is lost. Following denervation a depression in the volume of most of the pinealocyte organelles, i.e., SER, RER/ribosomes, free cytoplasm, mitochondria and presumptive secretory vesicles, was also observed. However, synaptic ribbons increased in volume in the gerbils that had been killed at 1900 h. It appears that the sympathetic innervation to the pineal gland is a requirement for the presumptive secretory activity of the pinealocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235168
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