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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    »Mercury as a Global Pollutant«– The Fifth International Conference (2000)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 366 (2000), S. 415-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050084
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A sensitive method for the determination of iodine containing diagnostic agents in aqueous matrices using LC-electrospray-tandem-MS detection (2000)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 366 (2000), S. 835-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Iodinated contrast media belong to the most frequently applied compounds in medicine. They exhibit a high polarity and are very persistent against metabolism by the organism and environmental degradation. A sensitive method for the determination of five iodinated contrast media in aqueous matrices is described. Solid phase extraction utilizing Isolute ENV+ material was used for sample enrichment. The contrast media were partially separated on a RP-C18 column, and detection was achieved using electrospray-tandem MS (API III plus and API 365) allowing the sensitive quantitation of these compounds down to the lower ng/L range. The recovery rates generally exceeded 70%, for spiked surface water as well as tap water. The analytes were detected in native samples such as municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent, the river Rhine and even in tap water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051581
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isotopic shifts in chemical exchange systems, IV (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 81 (1984), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A separation factor of 0.94±0.02 for22Na and24Na has been obtained in a system consisting of a Li+ loaded cation exchange resin and a methanol solution. The ratio of the Na-isotopes was determined by measurement of the γ-rays in a precision arrangement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02132932
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volatilization of demethylmercury and elemental mercury from river Elbe floodplain soils (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 1325-1329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown that an untreated mercury-polluted floodplain soil (containing 10 μg/g per dry weight (d.w.) total Hg and 12 ng/g (d.w.) monomethylmercury compounds (MMM)) of the river Elbe in Northern Germany contains both dimethylmercury (DMM) and elemental mercury (Hg°). This is the first time ever that DMM has been detected in unmodified soils. A novel purge- and-trap-technique involving a sequential thermodesorption-separation of the two species after trapping on a carbon molecular sieve (CMS) has been developed that allows the determination of the two species DMM and Hg° from aqueous solutions or soil samples by GC-CVAFS. The compounds' identities as Hg-species were confirmed by GC-ICP/MS. A DMM-concentration of 740 pg/g (d.w.) was determined in the soil; the Hg°-concentration was found to be at least four times larger, but could not yet be quantified. Since no precautions against losses via evapoartion were taken during sampling and storage, the original concentrations were probably much higher. Both DMM and Hg° are easily purged with N2 from soils as well as from soil suspensions, indicating that the two species may readily evaporate from those soils under natural conditions. The amount of DMM determined in the soil suspension was significantly lower (80 pg/g (d.w.)) compared to that in the original soil sample, suggesting that DMM might not be stable under these conditions. Also, it was shown that in natural samples, MMM can be converted into DMM in the presence of sulfide, at S2−-levels as low as 100 μg/g.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189798
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mercury contaminated sites — Behaviour of mercury and its species in lysimeter experiments (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 1089-1098 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a polluted site in Germany not only metallic, ionic and MeHg could be detected, but also organomercurials such as methyl- ethyl- and phenyl-mercury. In addition sometimes other organomercurials could be separated but up to now not identified. Extraction of the organomercurials from soil and percolating water was performed by dithizone, differentiation and detection by High-Performance-Liquid-Chromatography and atomic fluorescence detection, respectively. Differentiation between gaseous organic and gaseous elemental mercury was done by adsorption on Carbotrap® and gold filters, thermal desorption and detection by atomic fluorescence The behaviour of 8 organomercurials in soil is described. For this a lysimeter of a new design was filled with polluted soil. The top layer of the soil was spiked with 8 organomercurials. The percolating water and the air above the soil, were analyzed. Different layers of the soil were also investigated after the experiment. By synthetic rain the movement of Hg species is low: the compounds stay in the first centimeters. Ethoxyethylmercury+, tolylmercury+, and nitromersol were not detected in the percocolate. Concentrations of phenylmercury+ and hydroxymercurybenzoicacid decreased. Methoxymethylmercury+ increased. In the head of the lysimeter, volatile Hg(0) concentration increased during 150 hours by a factor of 5, while volatile organic mercury decreased during this time by a factor of 10. The organomercurial-content in soil decreased.A transformation of organic to inorganic Hg is therefore presumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189769
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symposium “Stand der Spurenstoffanalytik an der Elbe” (“present status of trace analysis of the river Elbe”) (1995)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 353 (1995), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00322881
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mercury analysis: a special example of species analysis (1992)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 342 (1992), S. 795-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mercury species analysis requires the determination of numerous different compounds with very different behaviour regarding environment and toxicity. For these differing species several new and more sensitive analytical methods have been developed and tested. Mercury species cannot be detected directly in most cases, and are normally derivatized by different agents and determined by different detector systems. In a new HPLC method with photometric detection more than 10 different organomercurials could be analysed as their thio-ethanol complexes. By alkylation of mercury compounds they can be separated by GC and analysed with an AAS or AFS as detector. Volatile organic species of Hg can be separated on Carbotrap®, where Hg0 is not adsorbed, and analysed thereafter. With atomic fluorescence the detection limit for Hg0 measurement is improved significantly when compared with the widely used atomic absorption method. Results obtained with this new method are shown and discussed. Future developments for species analysis are outlined; not only to analyse the covalent metal — carbon/oxygen compounds — primary species-analysis — but also compounds with ionic or complex bonding: secondary species-analysis. With these developments, prediction of species behaviour in the environment, including toxicity assessment and decontamination proposals, should be made possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00322136
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mercury-cycling in surface waters and in the atmosphere — Species analysis for the investigation of transformation and transport properties of mercury (1994)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 350 (1994), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The river Elbe has been one of the most contaminated rivers with regard to mercury for many years. In 1991 a length-profile has been measured for mercury and methylmercury (CH3Hg+) from Obristvi, Czech Republic, to the German bight. Total mercury has been measured by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). The organo mercury compounds have been separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) connected on-line to an atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS) by a continuous flow-system. Total mercury up to 120 mg Hg+/kg and CH3Hg+ concentrations up to 130 μg CH3 Hg+/kg could be detected in special sites. The formation of CH3Hg+ in sediments can be caused besides the methylation of mercury, by sulphate reducing or methanogenic bacteria and transmethylation reactions with organometals. Atmospheric mercury concentrations have been measured at three different European sites. Samples have been collected on goldcoated glass balls or on quartz wool, respectively. After thermal desorption mercury has been determined using the two step amalgamation technique with AFS detection. Compared to natural background concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM), slightly increased levels could be detected at a rural site in Germany. This increase can probably be explained by long-range transport processes. Within the vicinity of a inactivated mercury production plant high concentrations of up to 13.5 ng/m3 particle associated mercury (Hgpart) have been detected. Consequently, dry deposition of mercury in the particulate form can intensify the total deposition flux close to Hg-emitting sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326247
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organotins: their analysis and assessment in the Elbe river system, Northern Germany (1994)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 350 (1994), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Organotins have been analyzed using a new derivatisation technique in wet sediments by ethylation with NaBEt4 and a GC/AAS coupling for separation and detection. In this way the Sn(IV) and the monoalkylated compounds could also be analysed more easily than by the Grignard derivatisation method used by other authors. Organotins are present not only as expected in the harbours, shipyards and the pleasure boat areas but also in the river itself, upstream of these places. Ships are thus not the only sources. An organotin production plant on the banks of a tributary, the Mulde river, is characterised by high tetrabutyltin and lower tributyltin amounts along the river to its mouth over 350 km away. The concentrations are up to 14 mg tetrabutyltin (Sn)/kg sediment. The superimposed patterns are from ship antifouling paints, characterised by a high content of tributylin in different stages of degradation to di and monoalkylated compounds; this shows the bacterial degradation possibilities for organotins in the river. In general, organometallics are a contaminant of great concern in the Elbe river system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326257
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of Cl−, NO 3 − and SO 4 2− in Pore waters of sediments (1985)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 320 (1985), S. 477-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is shown that ion chromatography can be successfully employed for the determination of Cl−, NO 3 − , and SO 4 2− in pore waters of sediment cores. Using three examples of different sediment cores from the Elbe river estuary the application and the relevance of the results are demonstrated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß die Analyse von Cl−, NO 3 − und SO 4 2− in Porenwässern von Sedimentkernen mit Vorteil durch ein ionenchromatographisches Verfahren durchgeführt werden kann. An drei Beispielen von Sedimentkernen aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen des Elbeaestuars wird die Einsatzmöglichkeit und die Aussagekraft der Methode demonstriert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00479815
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