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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Posterior cruciate ¶ligament ; Posterolateral structure ; Knee kinematics ; In situ forces ; Hamstring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sectioning the posterolateral structures (PLS) on knee kinematics and in situ forces in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in response to external and simulated muscle loads. Ten human cadaveric knees were tested using a robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system. The knees were subjected to three loading conditions: (a) 134-N posterior tibial load, (b) 5-Nm external tibial torque, and (c) isolated hamstring load (40 N biceps/40 N semimembranosus). The knee kinematics and in situ forces in the PCL for the intact and PLS-deficient knee conditions were determined at full extension, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of knee flexion. Under posterior tibial loading posterior tibial translation with PLS deficiency increased significantly at all flexion angles by 5.5 ± 1.5 mm to 0.8 ± 1.2 mm at full extension and 90°, respectively. The corresponding in situ forces in the PCL increased by 17–¶19 N at full extension and 30° of knee flexion. Under the external tibial torque, external tibial rotation increased significantly with PLS deficiency by 15.1 ± 1.6° at 30° of flexion to 7.7 ± 3.5° at 90°, with the in situ forces in the PCL increasing by 15–90 N. The largest increase occurred at 60° to 120° of knee flexion, representing forces two to six times of those in the intact knee. Under the simulated hamstring load, posterior tibial translation and external tibial and varus rotations also increased significantly at all knee flexion angles with PLS deficiency, but this was not so for the in situ forces in the PCL. Our data suggest that injuries to the PLS put the PCL and other soft tissue structures at increased risk of injury due to increased knee motion and the elevated in situ forces in the PCL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-3924
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Vorderes Kreuzband ; Vorderer Kreuzbandersatz ; Pes anserinus ; Semitendinosussehne ; Biomechanik ; Zyklische Belastung ; Key words Anterior cruciate ligament ; Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction ; Hamstrings ; Semitendinosus ; Biomechanics ; Cyclic loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The purpose of this study was to determine the viscoplastic deformation in a quadrupled semitendinosus graft construct using a titanium button/ tape and screw post/suture fixation technique in response to cyclic loading. Eight quadrupled grafts for replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were prepared from human cadaveric semitendinosus tendons. For fixation, a polyester tape attached to a titanium button and four #2 nonresorbable sutures attached to each of the four tendon ends tied around a post screw were used. The graft construct was mounted on an INSTRON testing machine, with the titanium button and the post screw rigidly fixed at a constant distance of 120 mm. Cyclic creep tests (with 100 cycles each) were performed (A) between 20 and 100 N and (B) between 20 and 150 N (Fig. 1). The test sequence was A1-A2-B1-B2-A3 with a rest period of 1 h between single tests for graft recovery. The length of the graft construct after each rest period was used to determine the permanent elongation. Relative length changes along the graft construct (proximal, central, distal) were determined using a video tracking device. Finally, a load-to-failure test was performed. Under all test conditions the maximum elongation of the graft construct increased from the first to the 100th cycle, ranging from 1.0 mm to 3.1 mm. While these so-called creep patterns were almost identical in A1 and A2, elongations under A3 were 3–4 mm higher than under A1 and A2, probably as a result of higher loads at B1 and B2. The permanent elongation of the graft constructs after completion of the test series was 3.9 ± 0.9 mm. Further analysis revealed that about 97% of this deformation occurred within the fixation materials and interfaces (distal and proximal section) and only about 3% within the tendon tissue (central section). The load-to-failure test revealed an ultimate load of 416 ± 36 N and a stiffness of 32.4 ± 1.3 N/mm. All constructs failed at the polyester tape. Our results indicate that repetitive cyclic loading at relatively low loads can result in substantial, permanent elongation of a quadrupled semitendinosus graft construct with endobutton/tape and suture/post screw fixation method. Similar loads may be experienced by the graft construct during early postoperative activities and be a cause of gradual failure before graft incorporation is complete. We conclude that aggressive postoperative rehabilitation be applied with caution when using this graft construct. Better fixation materials and/ or techniques should be developed to improve biomechanical behavior of the graft construct.
    Notes: Die gevierfachte Semitendinosussehne wird von einigen Autoren als gleichwertiger Ersatz zum Patellarsehnentransplantat zur Rekonstruktion des vorderen Kreuzbands empfohlen. Einige klinische Fehlschläge mit diesem Transplantat veranlaßten uns, das primäre Transplantatkonstrukt biomechanisch zu untersuchen. Es war unsere Hypothese, daß infolge repetitiver, zyklischer Belastung eine viskoplastische Längenzunahme im Transplantatkonstrukt auftritt. 8 Semitendinussehnen von Leichengeweben wurden in der klinisch angewandten Technik zu einem Vierfachtransplantat präpariert. Zur proximalen Verankerung dienten ein Polyesterband und ein Titanplättchen. Die freien Sehnenenden wurden zur späteren distalen Fixierung mit Fäden um eine kortikale Fixierungsschraube angeschlungen. Das Titanplättchen und eine distale Kortikalisschraube wurden fest mit einer mechanischen Prüfmaschine zur weiteren Testung verbunden. Der Abstand der Fixierungspunkte lag bei 120 mm. Nach Präkonditionierung erfolgte das Knoten der Fäden bei maximaler Spannung. Es erfolgte zunächst eine Serie aus 5 zyklischen Belastungtests zwischen 20 und 100N (Test A) oder 20 und 150N (Test B). Die Testfolge war A 1 -A 2 -B 1 -B 2 -A 3 mit einer 1stündigen Entlastung der Konstrukte zur möglichen Rückbildung viskoelastischer Effekte. Nach jeder Entlastungphase erfolgte eine Längenmessung bei 3N Vorspannung. Während der zyklischen Belastung wurde mit einer digitalen Videoanalyse die relative Bewegung innerhalb von 3 Abschnitten des Konstrukts bestimmt. Abschließend erfolgte ein Zerreißtest. In Folge der zyklischen Belastung kam es zu einer durchschnittlichen viskoplastischen Längenzunahme der Transplantatkonstrukte von 3,9 ± 0,9 mm. Nur ca. 3% dieser Längenzunahme fanden im Bereich des Sehnengewebes statt. Alle Konstrukte versagten durch Zerreissen des Mersilenebands bei einer Maximallast von 416 ± 36N. Die Steifigkeit lag bei 32,4 ± 1,3N/mm. Die Ergebnisse stützen die Hypothese, daß eine beträchtliche viskoplastische Längenzunahme in den Transplantatkonstrukten infolge zyklischer Belastung auftritt. Ähnliche Belastungen können in den Transplantatkonstrukten bei Kniebelastungen in der frühen postoperativen Phase auftreten und Ursache für eine Auslockerung vor Einheilung in den Knochenkanal sein. Wir schließen aus unseren Ergebnissen, daß eine aggressive Rehabilitation bei Verwendung dieser Technik nicht empfohlen werden kann. Verbesserte Techniken und/ oder Materialien zur Verankerung der Semitendinosusessehnen sollten entwickelt werden, um das biomechanische Verhalten der Transplantatkonstrukte zu verbessern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament ; Knee joint ; Biomechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of applied load on the magnitude, direction, and point of tibial intersection of the in situ forces of the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bands of the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) at 30° and 90° of knee flexion. An Instron was used to apply a 100 N anterior shear force to 11 human cadaver knees, 6 at 30° of knee flexion and 5 at 90° of knee flexion. A Universal Force Sensor (UFS) recorded the resultant 6 degree-of freedom (DOF) forces/moments. Each specimen then underwent serial removal of the AM and PL bands. With the knee limited to 1 DOF (anteroposterior), tests were performed before and after each structure was removed. Because the path was identical in each test, the principle of superposition was applied. Thus, the difference between the resultant forces could be attributed to the force carried by the structure just removed. The magnitudes of force in the ACL at 30° and 90° of knee flexion were 114.1±7.4 N and 90.8±8.3 N, respectively (P〈0.05). At 30°, the AM and PL bundles carried 95% and 4% of the total ACL force, respectively. At 90°, the AM and PL bands carried 85% and 13%, respectively (P〈0.05). The direction of the in situ force in the whole ACL as well as its two bands correlated with the anatomic orientation of the ligament. The resultant total ACL force intersected the tibial plateau at the posterolateral aspect of the AM band's insertion at 30° of knee flexion, while at 90°, the force intersection moved posteriorly to the AM/PL border. This research provides new insight into the fundamental force relationships of the ACL and its bundles. In response to an anterior tibial shear force, the AM band of the ACL was the predominant load carrier at both 30° and 90° of knee flexion. However, contrary to carlier reports, the in situ force carried in the PL band increased as knee flexion increased. Further, the tibial intersection of the resultant ACL force moved laterally with knee flexion. These findings confirm the dynamic structure of the ACL that in itself has no isometricity and may also indicate that there is no ideal location in which to position a replacement graft. The use of this methodology with more physiologically unconstrained motion should lead to more definitive clinical conclusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 3 (1996), S. 226-229 
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Biceps tendon ; Long head ; Mechanical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract In this study, the geometric and mechanical properties of the long head of the biceps tendon were determined in order to elucidate its role in shoulder stability. We used a laser-micrometer system to measure the cross-sectional area and shape of seven fresh-frozen tendons at three levels: proximal, middle, and distal levels. The cross-sectional areas were found to be 22.7±9.3 mm2, 22.7±3.5 mm2, and 10.8±2.7 mm2, respectively. While statistically significant differences could not be demonstrated between the magnitudes of the areas, a consistent difference in shape was noted between the proximal and middle levels, the tendon being flatter as it progressed over the humeral head and more triangular as it passed through the bicipital groove. We then performed cyclic relaxation tests and uniaxial tensile testing of the tendons which revealed a cyclic stress relaxation of 18±4% over ten cycles. All tensile failures occurred within the midportion of the tendon substance. Additionally, the modulus was calculated between 3% and 6% strain and found to be 421±212 MPa, while the ultimate tensile strength, ultimate strain, and strain energy density were 32.5±5.3 MPa, 10.1±2.7%, and 1.9±0.4 MPa, respectively. These mechanical properties of the long head of the biceps tendon are of the same order of magnitude as tendons from other joints. The high stiffness of this tendon indicates that it has an ability to support the large load transferred to it by the muscle and to act as a humeral head depressor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Anterior knee stability ; Anterior cruciate ligament ; Medial ; collateral ligament
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract Ligaments and other soft tissues, as well as bony contact, all contribute to anterior stability of the knee joint. This study was designed to measure the in situ force in the medial collateral ligament (MCL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterolateral structures (PLS), and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in response to 110 N anterior tibial loading. The changes in knee kinematics associated with ACL deficiency and combined MCL+ACL deficiency were also evaluated. Utilizing a robotic/universal force-moment sensor system, ten human cadaveric knee joints were tested between 0° and 90° of knee flexion. This unique testing system is designed to determine the in situ forces in structures of interest without making mechanical contact with the tissue. More importantly, data for individual structures can be obtained from the same knee specimen since the robotic manipulator can reproduce the motion of the intact knee. The in situ forces in the ACL under anterior tibial loading to 110 N were highest at 15° flexion, 103 ± 14 N (mean ± SD), decreasing to 59.2 ± 30 N at 90° flexion. For the MCL, these forces were 8.0 ± 3.5 N and 38.1 ± 25 N, respectively. Forces due to bony contact were as high as 34.1 ± 23 N at 30° flexion, while those in the PLS were relatively small at all flexion angles. Combined MCL+ACL deficiency was found to significantly increase anterior tibial translation relative to the ACL-deficient knee only above 60° of knee flexion. These findings confirm the hypothesis that there is significant load sharing between various ligaments and bony contact during anterior tibial loading of the knee. For this reason, the MCL and osteochondral surfaces may also be at significant risk during ACL injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Knee ; Anterior cruciate ligament ; ACL reconstruction ; Hamstring ; Graft fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the relative motion of a quadruple hamstring graft within the femoral bone tunnel (graft-tunnel motion) under tensile loading. Six graft constructs were prepared from the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons of human cadavers and were fixed with a titanium button and polyester tape within a bone tunnel in a cadaveric femur. Three different lengths of polyester tape (15, 25, and 35 mm loops) were evaluated. The femur was held stationary and uniaxial tensile loads were applied to the distal end of the graft using a materials testing machine. Each construct was subjected to loading for ten cycles with upper limits of 50 N, 100 N, 200 N and 300 N. Graft-tunnel motion was then determined using the distances between reflective tape markers placed on the hamstring graft and at the entrance to the femoral bone tunnel, which were tracked with a high-resolution video system. Graft-tunnel motion was found to range from 0.7 ± 0.2 mm to 3.3 ± 0.2 mm, and significant increases in graft-tunnel motion were observed with increasing tensile loads (P 〈 0.05). Shorter tape length (15 mm) resulted in significantly less motion when compared to longer tape length (35 mm) (P 〈 0.05). We conclude that graft-tunnel motion is significant and should be considered when using this fixation technique. Early stress on the graft, as seen in postoperative rehabilitation exercises and athletic activities, may cause large graft-tunnel motion before graft incorporation is complete. A shorter distance between the tendon tissue and the titanium button is recommended to minimize the amount of graft-tunnel motion. Alternative fixation materials to polyester tape, or different fixation techniques, need to be developed such that graft-tunnel motion can be reduced. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of graft-tunnel motion on graft incorporation in the bone tunnel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The nonlinear mechanical properties of the cornea, sclera, and optic disk determined previously are incorporated in a finite element mathematical model of a human corneo-scleral shell. This mathematical model is then used to calculate a nonlinear intraocular pressure-volume relation and the forces and volumes in applanation tonometry. These results are compared with experimental results obtained by other investigators. Friedenwald's coefficients of ocular rigidity were also calculated using the model and were found to decrease with increased intraocular pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 321-338 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The use of conventional rigid metal plates (modulus of elasticity 30 × 106 psi) for internal fixation of difficult long bone fractures may paradoxically weaken the fractured bone through a process of osteoporosis secondary to protection of the bone from stress. The hypothesis being studied which has stimulated the present work is that a new composite plate made of less rigid material but with similar geometry to stainless steel plates may promote fracture union without the complication of osteopenia. This new composite material has a modulus of elasticity similar to that of bone (approximately 3 × 106 psi) which is more than an order of magnitude lower than that of stainless steel, yet the fracture strength of this new composite material (35,000 psi) is approximately one-half that of stainless steel.The ability to fix diaphyseal fractures by composite plates was studied by implanting these plates in the left (experimental) radii of six dogs with transverse mid-shaft osteotomies. The right (control) radii had similar transverse osteotomies, but were plated by conventional metal plates equal in size to the new composite plates. Four months postsurgery, all experimental and control fractures had healed.Biomechanical tests of the excised radii using a torsional loading apparatus showed there were no significant differences in strength, fracture energy, angular deformation, or maximum shearing stress when comparing the experimental to the control radii. The results are sufficiently promising to warrant additional long-term experiments investigating this concept of internal fixation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 6 (1988), S. 580-584 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Polymethylmethacrylate ; Sustained pressurized bone cement ; Interfacial shear strength ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: There is at present great uncertainty relating to the fixation of joint implants. The deficiencies of acrylic bone cement are well documented, but the limitations of cementless fixation are as yet imcompletely identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of sustained external pressurization to improve the mechanical characteristics of conventional acrylic bone cement. The effect of serially increasing sustained pressurization of two commerically available acrylic bone cements (Simplex-P and LVC) was evaluated in human cadaver femora. A new method for determination of the shear strength of the bone-cement interface in place of the traditional pushout tests was used. In this model, there was a significant increase in the bone-cement interfacial shear strength with increasing pressure, but no difference in the shear strength was found between the two cements. At all pressure levels, the shear strength of the cement was greater than that previously reported. Increased cement penetration into the cortical bone was demonstrated with increasing pressure and low-viscosity cement, but the extent of cement penetration did not correlate with the shear strength of the bone-cement interface.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 1 (1983), S. 22-29 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Mechanical properties ; Medial collateral ligament substance ; Strain ; Strain distribution ; Strain variations ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This investigation presents a new approach in the measurement of the mechanical properties of the ligament substance from tensile testing of a bone-ligament-bone complex. Such basic information should be one of the necessary prerequisites in the evaluation of ligament repair as well as reconstruction by autogenous tissue grafts or artificial ligament implants. The use of a video system permits the determination of tensile strains of the mid-medial collateral ligaments from the canine, swine, and rabbit without mechanically interfering with the ligament deformation during testing. This methodology further eliminates the difficulties of measuring the initial length of the entire medial collateral ligament, as its insertions to bones are ambiguous and cover a large area. It was found that the strain of the ligament substance is consistently and considerably less than specific deformation of the bone-ligament-bone complex. These data suggest that the ligament-bone structure stretches nonuniformly with the highest deformation occurring near or at the ligament insertion sites to bone. Other interesting findings include the variation of tensile strains along the ligament substance for all animal species studied.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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