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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ hybridization for somatostatin mRNA in the adult rat: cingulate, insular, prepiriform, perirhinal, entorhinal, and retrosplenial cortical regions (1996)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 193 (1996), S. 387-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Limbic cortex ; Allocortex ; Mesocortex ; Parcellation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of somatostatin mRNA within the allocortex of the rat was examined by in situ hybridization with an alkaline phosphatase labeled probe. We sought to determine whether parcellation of the allocortex could be based upon the number and laminar location of the hybridized cells and to contrast the allocortical features with those of the isocortical areas. The cingulate region was characterized by intense, moderate, and faint cells, small to medium in size throughout the laminae. The retrosplenial region demonstrated a somewhat stratified appearance with an abundance of cells expressing somatostatin mRNA in the upper portion of the composite layer II–IV and also in the upper portion of layer VI. The insular region displayed more heterogeneity. The distribution of the cells hybridized for somatostatin mRNA formed distinctive configurations within the insular region (dorsal and ventral agranular insular areas) with no obvious generality. The perirhinal area resembled the ventral agranular insular area, and the cell distribution of the entorhinal and prepiriform areas displayed a common characteristic in that the primary axis of the perikarya of somatostatin mRNA expressing cells within the lower layers were oriented at almost every possible angle. The conclusion of the investigation is that in situ hybridization for somatostatin mRNA provides a means by which the areal boundaries within the allocortex may be drawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186695
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parcellation of cortical areas by in situ hybridization for somatostatin mRNA in the adult rat: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal regions (1994)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 190 (1994), S. 389-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Visual cortex ; Somatosensory cortex ; Auditory cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of somatostatin mRNA within the neocortex of the rat was examined by in situ hybridization with an alkaline phosphatase-labeled probe. We sought to determine whether parcellation of the neocortex could be based upon the number and laminar location of the hybridized cells. Our investigation demonstrated that the boundaries of the neocortical areas can be determined by the distribution pattern of neurons expressing somatostatin mRNA. Few hybridized cells were located within layer IV, and this sparsity of cells within their wide granular layer marked the primary sensory areas. The occipital region was stratified, with insensely labeled cells in layers II/III and VI and faintly labeled cells in layer V. The parietal region carried a similar stratification, but more space between intensely labeled cells in layers III and V and between layers V and VI gave the region a three-tiered appearance. The temporal region displayed intensely labeled cells dispersed throughout layers III and VI and many in layer V as well as those faintly labeled without any breaks between the laminae. The distribution of the cells hybridized for somatostatin mRNA formed two configurations within the frontal region. It was difficult to identify any lamination in the first area, whereas the second area demonstrated a stratification reminiscent of the parietal region, but with only two tiers. The conclusion of the investigation is that in situ hybridization for somatostatin mRNA provides an exceptional means by which the areal boundaries within the neocortex may be drawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187297
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Septotemporal distribution of [3H]MK-801, [3H]AMPA and [3H]Kainate binding sites in the rat hippocampus (1998)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 198 (1998), S. 195-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Glutamate receptors ; Rostro-caudal gradient ; Receptor autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of glutamate receptors in transverse hippocampal sections has been well investigated. However, in spite of the known septotemporal gradients of hippocampal connectivity no systematic studies exist about the distribution of glutamate receptors along the septotemporal (longitudinal) hippocampal axis. Therefore, in the present study this issue was investigated using receptor autoradiography for the [3H]MK-801, [3H]AMPA and [3H]Kainate binding sites. Hippocampi from 30-day-old rats were sectioned perpendicularly to their longitudinal axis, yielding a total of 25–30 equidistantly spaced autoradiographs for each hippocampus. For each section layer-specific concentrations of binding sites were calculated by the aid of a computerized image analysing system. The dependency of concentrations of binding sites on the septotemporal position was evaluated by regression analysis. Gradients of binding were confined to distinct hippocampal layers. Significant septotemporal gradients of [3H]MK-801 binding were observed in selected layers of CA1 and the dentate gyrus, a septal to temporal decrease of binding in the oriens and radiatum layers of CA1 being most prominent. For [3H]AMPA, significant septotemporal gradients of binding were restricted to layers of CA3, CA4 and the dentate gyrus, with values generally increasing from septal to temporal levels. The observed septotemporal gradients possibly reflect functional segregations along the longitudinal hippocampal axis and could be important for the comparability of ligand binding studies using transverse hippocampal sections or hippocampal slice cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050177
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local cerebral glucose utilization in the autoimmune New Zealand Black (NZB) mouse (1989)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 92 (1989), S. 343-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of the [14C]-2-deoxyglucose method the local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was measured in 41 brain regions in autoimmune New Zealand Black (NZB) mice and in Carworth Farm Winkelmann (CFW) mice, which served as the control strain. At the age of 6 months, the mean LCGU of all measured areas and brain stem nuclei was 67.7 μmol glucose/(100 g x min) in the nonautoimmune CFW mice. These LCGU values are within the limits published by other observers. In contrast, in the aged-matched NZB mice the glucose use was markedly reduced, the mean LCGU of all measured areas being 37.7 μmol glucose/(100 g x min). These findings suggest that the immunological, morphological and behavioural abnormalities in the aged NZB mouse correlate with a reduced functional activity of the central nervous system, measured as reduced cerebral glucose utilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500551
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local cerebral glucose utilization in the hippocampus of old rats (1989)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 92 (1989), S. 413-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was measured in the different areas and layers of the Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus of young adult (3 to 4-month-old) rats, and of 27-month-old rats with proven cognitive deficits. The LCGU was determined by quantitative [14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. Compared to young animals, in the old rats the LCGU was significantly reduced by 12% to 15% in the oriens layers of CA1 and CA2, the pyramidal layers of the CA sectors 1–3, the radiatum and lacunosum-molecular layers of CA2 and CA3 and in the lucidum layer of CA3. The LCGU values of all the other layers of the Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus did not differ significantly between young and old rats. The pattern of the LCGU reduction found in the old rats roughly resembles changes found after fimbra-fornix lesions or systemic administration of scopolamine, suggesting a functionally important deficit in the cholinergic innervation of the old rats' hippocampi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00492499
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The determination of the local cerebral glucose utilization with the 2-deoxyglucose method (1988)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 90 (1988), S. 109-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the adult mammalian brain, the energy metabolism is almost entirely dependent on glucose. Furthermore, a close relationship between the energy metabolism and the functional activity could be shown. Thus, the functional activity of the brain or parts thereof can be quantified by measuring the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose. Studying in vivo the fate of a radioactive labeled analogue of glucose, the 2-deoxy-d-[1-14C]glucose, and using quantitative autoradiographic techniques, it is possible to estimate the cerebral glucose utilization of every discrete brain region. The advantage of the 2-deoxyglucose method is, that the local cerebral glucose utilization represents a “metabolic encephalography” (Sokoloff 1982).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500975
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local cerebral glucose utilization in the Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus of the rat brain (1988)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 88 (1988), S. 415-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was measured in different regions and layers of the Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus in the conscious rat. The LCGU was determined by quantitative [14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography using a computerized image processing system. In the hippocampus, the various regions and layers exhibited different glucose consumptions, the lowest values being found in the alveus and the highest ones in the lacunosum-molecular layers of the dentate gyrus' external limb. Additionally, in many layers, the LCGU values of the left hemispheres were found to be higher compared with the right hemispheres. The analysis of LCGU changes in rostrocaudal direction revealed, that in sector 1 of Ammon's horn and in the dentate gyrus the glucose consumption decreased from rostral to caudal levels, whereas in sector 3 of Ammon's horn an increase was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00570304
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local cerebral glucose utilization in the brain of old, learning impaired rats (1991)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 95 (1991), S. 591-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was measured in 63 different cortical areas and nuclei of the telencephalon, diencephalon and rhombencephalon of young adult (3 to 4-month-old) rats and of 27-month-old Wistar rats, in which learning impairments had been proven by a water maze test. The LCGU was determined by [14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. In the old rats the mean LCGU of all brain regions was significantly reduced by about 10% compared with the young control group; the mean LCGU was 74.2 μmol glucose/(100 g × min) in the young and 66.7 in the old rats. Different degrees of LCGU decrease were found in the different regions. Most of the brain regions with significantly reduced LCGU values in the aged, learning impaired rats were associated with auditory and visual functions, the dopaminergic system, and structures known to be involved in learning and memory processes. Therefore, the regional pattern of LCGU reduction found in the aged, learning impaired rats did not resemble any known pattern found after lesions of a single transmitter system or systemic administration of transmitter agonists or antagonists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266747
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