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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 69-78 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Forebrain ; Ontogeny ; Subventricular zone ; Glia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous cells were observed to show intense vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivity from birth to postnatal day 8 in the subventricular zone of the rat occipital hemisphere. This cell population was markedly reduced by postnatal day 8, but isolated clusters of VIP cells persisted into adulthood. In addition, long, L-shaped VIP fibers were seen in the hemispheric wall up to postnatal day 16, but not in the adult. Parallel to the reduction in number of the subventricular VIP cells an increasing number of VIP cells appeared in the neo- and allocortex, developing by postnatal day 12 all the features of the mature cortical bipolar fusiform neurons. As possible alternatives, the migration of subventricular VIP cells into the cortex, the transient character of the subventricular VIP population or the expression of VIP by radial glia are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Astrocyte ; Visual cortex ; Anterograde degeneration ; Image analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein by astrocytes in the primary visual cortex of adult albino rats were analyzed with immunohisto-chemistry after unilateral destruction of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. An increase in number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes could be detected in the visual cortex of the side ipsilateral to the lesion in the short-term survival group (7–11 days post lesion), but this increase was extremely reduced after a postlesional survival time of 150 days. The quantitation of the glial response by image analysis showed, that the initial increase was mainly localized in the cortical layers II–IV, where the geniculo-cortical input terminates. The transient nature of this process was revealed by the measurements in the long-term survival group, where differences between experimental and control sides were substantially reduced. We conclude, that the remote glial response in the visual cortex is transient and that its disappearance indicates the end of a postlesional adaptation period in the neuropil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 199 (1999), S. 357-365 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Barrel cortex ; Coronal slice ; Thalamo-cortical slice ; Axonal tracing ; Synaptic connectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A promising way to elucidate neuronal information processing is to establish detailed structure-function relationships of identified single neurons or populations of nerve cells, especially their synaptic connectivity. This has been greatly improved by the development of acute brain slice preparations. The cellular physiology of the rodent primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex has been extensively studied. However, for a meaningful interpretation of physiological experiments the degree and pattern of connectivity has to be known for the particular preparation. Since such studies are not available for rat (P15–25) barrel cortex in vitro, we have traced the cortico-cortical and thalamo-cortical connections in 400-µm-thick slices with biocytin. In coronal slices, a wealth of axonal connections in retrograde and anterograde directions were heavily labeled, resembling the full pattern of cortico-cortical projections described in vivo. The most striking connections were vertical and horizontal connections within the primary somatosensory cortex, as well as a columnar projection to the secondary somatosensory cortex and beyond (mainly the parietal ventral area). Electron microscopic extensions of the study indicated that the full possible set of synaptic contacts with an adult-like appearance was already established in these connections. In thalamo-cortical slices, strong reciprocal connections with the ventrobasal (and to a much lesser extent also the posterior) thalamic nucleus were always observed, together with an intensive ramification of fibers in the reticular nucleus. A striatal terminal field was also consistently found. We conclude that all major intracortical and thalamo-cortical connection are richly preserved in the in vitro slice preparations of rats. Thus, these preparations are suitable for elucidation of the functional interaction of the most crucial brain structures involved in somatosensory information processing combining an in vivo-like anatomical structure with the controlled environment of an in vitro slice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 373-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Retrograde reaction ; Facial nerve nucleus ; Image analysis ; Morphometry ; Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuronal profiles of cell bodies in the facial nerve nucleus of adult rats were measured after partial peripheral nerve transsection. An image analyser was used for automatic recognition and morphometry. Based on classification of the neuronal profiles described in a previous paper, a morphometrical study was performed in order to analyse structural aspects of the retrograde reaction in quantitative terms. Beside the quantification of classical features of retrograde reaction (chromatolysis; nuclear eccentricity; increased basophilia; perikaryal, nuclear and nucleolar swelling), several reactive changes so far not recognized (karyoplasmic basophilia and granulation) were detected. These changes were interpreted as morphological correlates of regeneration in retrogradely reacting cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Receptor autoradiography ; Frontal lobe ; Prefrontal areas ; Cortex ; Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The most extensive development during primate brain evolution involves the cortex of the frontal lobe, especially its prefrontal region. The distribution of neurotransmitter receptors is unknown in this part of the cortex of New World monkeys. The respective distributions of eight different receptors for the transmitters l-glutamate (l-glu and NMDA), γ-amino-butyric acid (GABAA), noradrenaline (α 1), acetylcholine (M1 and M2) and serotonin (5-HT1 and 5-HT2) were therefore studied in cortical areas of the frontal lobe of the lissencephalic New World monkey, Callithrix jacchus. The results are compared to earlier data on Old World monkeys in order to obtain insight into evolutionary trends at the level of chemical neuroanatomy. Our results indicate that the density and laminar pattern of some receptors change precisely at the cytoarchitectonic boundaries between different cortical areas, while some other receptors do not exhibit measurable changes. For example, the premotor area 6 can be distinguished from prefrontal areas by its high concentration of adrenergic α1 receptors as labelled with [3H] prazosin, with only the cingulate area 24 showing higher values. In other cases, the receptor distribution changes within a cytoarchitectonically homogeneous area. Thus, area 8 can be subdivided into dorsal and ventral regions on the basis of the distribution of GABAA, muscarinic and serotonin receptors. Comparison of these results in a New World monkey with receptor distributions in other primate species reveals much larger interspecies differences in the areas of the frontal lobe than e.g. in the primary visual cortex. This is interpreted as an indication of extensive changes in the neuro-chemical organisation of this part of the brain during primate brain evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Co-distribution ; Neurochemical evolution ; Primates ; Species specificity ; Distribution patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The regional and laminar distributions of eight different transmitter-binding sites were measured in the marmoset hippocampus by means of quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography. Receptors for 5-HT1, l-glutamate, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and GABAA were similarly distributed. The highest concentrations of these receptors were found in the pyramidal layer of CA1 and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. The 5-HT2 receptors showed the highest concentrations in the oriens layer of CA2. The highest concentrations of muscarinic M1 receptors were seen in the pyramidal layer of CA1. Muscarinic M2 receptors were most densely concentrated in the pyramidal layers of CA1, CA2 and CA3. The noradrenergic α1 receptors were most densely packed in the radiatum-lacunosum-molecular layer of CA2 and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Statistically significant co-distributions of serotoninergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic receptors point to possible interactions between these receptor systems in the same hippocampal regions and layers. Comparisons of marmoset distribution patterns for GABAA, NMDA, l-glutamate and 5-HT1 receptors with those in human hippocampi and those of other primates showed similarities between them. Clear differences in the patterns of α1, M1, M2 and 5-HT2 receptors could be seen between marmoset and human hippocampi, indicating a high degree of species specificity in a presumably “conservative” brain region. More similarities, however, could be found between marmoset and human hippocampi than between those of rat and human brains, especially in relation to 5-HT1 and GABAA receptors and l-glutamate-binding sites. In addition to the functional significance of receptor distribution patterns, such studies represent a valuable tool for the analysis of neurochemical aspects of brain evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 138 (1972), S. 215-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Biometry ; Extrapyramidal system ; Nucl. ruber ; Embryology ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 54 Albinomäusen im Alter von 16–60 Ontogenesetagen wurde das Frischvolumen des Nucl. ruber bestimmt. Es konnte keine signifikante Seitendifferenz zwischen den Frischvolumina der rechten und linken Seite festgestellt werden. Das Wachstum des Nucl. ruber erfolgt in einer S-Form, die durch die logistische Wachstumsfunktion $$y = \frac{{P_1 }}{{1 + \exp \left( {P_2 + P_3 \cdot t} \right)}}$$ mittels eines Iterationsverfahrens nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate approximiert wurde. Das ideale Frischvolumen beträgt 0,64±0,02 mm3 bei einer Halbwertzeit von 25,1±0,4 Ontogenesetagen. Der Nucl. ruber der neugeborenen Albinomaus vergrößert sich um den Faktor 3,8±0,1, bis er das ideale Frischvolumen des adulten Zustandes erreicht hat. Der Nucl. ruber zählt zusammen mit einem schon untersuchten Anteil des extrapyramidalen Systems, dem Striatum, zu den Spätentwicklern im Zentralnervensystem. Es wurden enge Übereinstimmungen der Parameter der Wachstumsfunktionen für diese beiden extrapyramidalen Kerngebiete aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Summary The fresh volume of the Nucl. ruber of 54 white mice aged 16 to 60 days of ontogenesis has been determined. The increase of the volume (y) of the Nucl. ruber yields a S-formed figure, analysed by the Logistic function: $$y = \frac{{P_1 }}{{1 + \exp \left( {P_2 + P_3 \cdot t} \right)}}$$ The parameters were approximated by means of an iterative proceeding by the least-square-method. In the adult mouse, the “ideal” volume of the Nucl. ruber with its confidence limits (95%) is 0.64±0.02 mm3, the half-value-time is 25.1±0.4 days of ontogenesis. Up to the “ideal” volume, the Nucl. ruber of the newborn white mouse enlarges by a factor of 3.8±0.1. There is no significant difference between the fresh volumes of the right and left Nucl. ruber. The half-value-time of the Nucl. ruber and the Striatum are very close. The growth-curves of the Nucl. ruber and the white matter of the cerebellum are parallel. Functional aspects of these phenomena are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 404-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cell density ; Reactive alterations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The study was based on the hypothesis that cerebellar hypoxia may play a role in sudden infant death syndrome resulting in morphological changes of the cerebellar cortex, especially with respect to Purkinje cell density. In the morphological evaluation of the Purkinje cell layer, special consideration was additionally given to secondary alterations (i.e., macrophage and/or astrocyte reaction). A total of 12 sudden infant death syndrome cases were compared with an age- and sex-matched control group. The Purkinje cell density was evaluated by determining the number of these cells per suface unit on parasagittal sections in both hemispheres. The myelomonocytic and glial reaction was demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods using lysozyme as leukocyte and macrophage markers and glial fibrillary acidic protein as an astrocyte marker. Qualitatively, no alterations resembling a macrophage or glial cell reaction were detected in sudden infant death syndrome. No differences between the right and left cerebellar hemisphere could be established in the victims of sudden infant death syndrome nor in the controls. The number of Purkinje cells per 0.352 mm2 cortex was higher in the younger victims of sudden infant death (younger than 45 weeks of gestation) than in all matched controls. A statistically significant difference in Purkinje cell density, however, could not be established, and, especially, no indications of hypoxia were observed in the cerebellar cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Brain and Language 39 (1990), S. 357-372 
    ISSN: 0093-934X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to localize brain areas that were active during the observation of actions made by another individual. Object- and non-object-related actions made with different effectors (mouth, hand and foot) were presented. Observation of both object- and non-object-related actions determined a somatotopically organized activation of premotor cortex. The somatotopic pattern was similar to that of the classical motor cortex homunculus. During the observation of object-related actions, an activation, also somatotopically organized, was additionally found in the posterior parietal lobe. Thus, when individuals observe an action, an internal replica of that action is automatically generated in their premotor cortex. In the case of object-related actions, a further object-related analysis is performed in the parietal lobe, as if the subjects were indeed using those objects. These results bring the previous concept of an action observation/execution matching system (mirror system) into a broader perspective: this system is not restricted to the ventral premotor cortex, but involves several somatotopically organized motor circuits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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