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Notes: Am Terminalsegment des Tubulus seminiferus des geschlechtsreifen Bullen lassen sich drei Abschnitte, nämlich die Ubergangsregion, der Mittelabschnitt und der terminale Pfropf unterscheiden. Mittelabschnitt und terminaler Pfropf werden fast ausschließlich von modifizierten Stützzellen gebildet. Jedes Terminalsegment wird von einem Gefäßplexus manschettenartig umgeben. An den Tubulus seminiferus schliefk sich der Tubulus rectus an. Jeder Tubulus rectus beginnt mit einer kelchartigen Erweiterung, die den terminalen Pfropf umfaßt und die dann in einen engen und glattwandigen Kelchstiel übergeht. Rete-wärts vom Kelchstiel findet sich ein durch die Ausbildung von intraepithelialen Invaginationen gekennzeichneter Tubulusabschnitt, der dann in das Rete testis einmündet. Das einschichtige Epithel von Tubulus rectus und Rete testis ent-hält massenhaft freie Zellen (Lymphocyten und Makrophagen), die bis zu 25 % ausmachen können. Im subepithelialen Stroma des Rete testis liegen flache Zellen, die ihrem Phosphatasereichtum nach als kontraktil anzusprechen sind, sowie reichlich elastische Fasern.

Notes: Am 10. Tag wird der gesamte Nebenhodenkanal von einem einschidi-tigen Epithel ausgekleidet. Am 25. Tag treten in den Segmenten 1 bis 5 (Kopf und Körper) die ersten Basalzellen auf, während Segment 6 mit seiner Differenzierung weit vorauseilt: Das Epithel ist hier mehrreihig und besteht aus kleinen, rundlichen Basalzellen sowie sdilanken, hohen Zylinderzellen mit typischem Stereocilienbesatz. Bei der weiteren Ontogenese des Nebenhoden-epithels lassen eine Reihe von progressiven Merkmalen (Mehrreihigkeit, Stereocilienbesatz, Phosphatasegehalt der Zylinderzellen) eine disto-proximale Entwicklungsrichtung erkennen: Die Differenzierung des Schweinenebenhodens hat im Gegensatz zu den Verhältnissen bei Ratte und Kaninchen vorwiegend aszendierenden Charakter. Trotzdem wird in alien 6 Segmenten des Ductus epididymidis die definitive Ausformung des Epithels erst in der Endphase der Pubertat zwischen dem 140. und 160. Tag erreicht.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SummaryHistological and histochemical examinations of the postnatal developing epididymis of the pigAt postnatal day 10, the whole length of the epididymal duct is lined with a single layer of epithelial cells. At day 25, the first basal cells appear in segments 1 and 5 (caput and cauda), while in segment 6 cell differentiation is precocious in that the epithelium there has several layers consisting of small, round basal cells and tall cylindrical cells with typical stereocilia. Later, developmental criteria such as epithelial stratification, appearance of stereo-cilia, phosphatase content and appearance of cylindrical cells, indicate a disto-proximal (toward the testis) developmental progression. Thus, in contrast to the differentiation of the rat and rabbit epididymidis that of the pig shows ascending (toward the testis) progression. Nevertheless, in all 6 segments of the duct the definitive differentiation of the epithelium is not reached until the end of puberty (day 140 to 160).〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméRecherches histologiques et histodiimiques sur l'ontgénèse postnatale de l'épididyme chez le PoreAu 10éme jour, la totalité du canal épididymaire est revêtue d'un épithélium unistratifié. Au 25ème jour, les premières cellules basales apparais-sent dans les segments 1 à 5 (tête et corps) tandis que le segment 6 montre une différenciation largement plus avancée: l'épithélium y est plus stratifié et se compose de cellules basales petites et arrondies ainsi que des cellules cylindriques, hautes et élancées, pourvues de bordure en brosse typique. Au cours de Pontogenese ulterieure de l'epithélium épididymaire, la série des caractéristiques progressives (pluristratification, bordure en brosse, teneur phosphatasique des cellules cylindriques) suit une direction disto-proximale. La différenciation de l'épididyme du Pore, contrairement à. celle du Rat et du Lapin, présente, d'une manière prépondérante, un caractère ascendant. Cependant, l'achèvement épithélial définitif ne sera atteint, dans les 6 segments du canal épididymaire, que lors de la phase terminale de la puberté, entre les 140ème et 160éme jours.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResumenInvestigationes histológicas e histoquímicas sobre el desarrollo del epidídimo en el cerdoAl 10° día todo el conducto epididimario está revestido de un epitelio monoestratificado. El día 25, se presentan las primeras células basales en los segmentos 1 a 5 (cabeza y cuerpo), mientras que el segmento 6 adelanta su diferenciación mucho más: el epitelio está dispuesto en varias filas y se compone de células basales pequeñas y redondas, y de células cilíndricas altas y delgadas con sus estereocílias típicas. Durante la ontogénesis ulterior, ciertas características (pluriestratificación, presencia de estereocílias, contenido en fosfatasa alcalina de las células cilindricas) permiten apreciar una progresión en sentido disto-proximal: de tal manera, la diferenciación del epidídimo presenta un caracter ascendente ascendente en el cerdo, en contraste con la rata y el conejo. No obstante, la formación definitiva del epitelio de todos los 6 segmentos del conducto epididimario só1o se alcanza entre los días 140 y 160 del desarrollo.

Notes: Histological and electron microscopical examinations of the vaginal epithelium of the cowThe vaginal epithelium of the cow was not uniform. Its structure depended on the place from where a sample was taken, the hormonal status of the animal, and other (individual) factors. From each of 23 cows 11 tissue samples were taken at equal distances from the entire length of the vagina. Some cows had low blood hormone values, others were under gestagen dominance and still others under the influence of estradiol. In cows with low blood hormone values, tissue samples 1 and 2 (E 1 and E 2), which corresponded to the fornix and its junction with the vagina proper, showed an epithelium of one or two layers of cylindrical cells. Tissue samples E 3 to E 5 (cranial half of the vagina) were dominated by an epithelium consisting of three layers, i. e. two layers of basal cells and one variably shaped layer of apical cells. In E 6 to E 10 (caudal half) the height of the epithelium increased from three to about ten cell layers; a stratum intermedium of variable thickness could be discerned. Tissue sample Ell (vestibule) had a non-cornified squamous epithelium of multiple layers. Cows under the influence of gestagen had an epithelium which in principle was similar to the above findings. In cows under the influence of estradiol, the rate of cell proliferation was increased, the epithelium was thicker throughout, showed an active tendency of desquamation, and that in the vestibule had the potential to become cornified. Free cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells) were found in all areas; they were more numerous in animals under the influence of gestagen. In animals under the influence of estradiol also neutrophils were encountered.PAS-positive mucosubstances containing acid groups were found in the apical cells of the cranial end of the vagina. These substances could be responsible for a typical reaction (Kuppenreaktion) in the epithelial type that featured a stratum intermedium. Apart from folds the vaginal epithelium contained genuine intraepithelial and subepithelial glands.

Notes: The feline urogenital junction is situated between the extratesticular rete and the spacious initial segments of the efferent ductules. The rete epithelium is cuboidal to low columnar. The rete cells forming the junction rest on a wavy basal lamina, display deep mutual invaginations, possess central nuclei with several infoldings and form a distinct border with the columnar epithelial cells of the initial segments of the ductuli efferentes. The epithelium of the initial segments is composed of ciliated cells and non-ciliated principal cells. The latter are the dominating type and characterized by an apical brush-border and a supranuclear endocytotic apparatus. The stroma of the extratesticular rete contains an abundance of collagen whereas contractile cells are here generally absent. In contrast, the initial segments of the efferent ductules are surrounded by elastic fibres and a layer of contractile cells. All nerves for the feline urogenital junction come from the nervus spermaticus superior. In the epididymal head, small nerve bundles deviate into the septa between the ductules. Single fibres establish a dense network within the muscular coat of the ductuli. At the transition to the extratesticular rete, this network ends abruptly. Nerve fibres in the confines of the rete are associated with blood vessels or proceed to the testicular interior, but establish no relationships with the rete epithelium or the myofibroblasts of the mediastinum. The nervous network in the walls of the efferent ductules and their initial segments is not only composed of sympathetic but also parasympathetic, non-myelinated fibres. Particularly noteworthy is the abundance of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and substance P (SP)-containing axons around the initial segments. Both neuroproteins are consistent markers for sensory neurones. Taken together, it can be assumed that the entry of seminal fluid and spermatozoa into the efferent ductules is controlled by a regulatory nervous chain provided with afferent and efferent components.

Notes: The origin of the vertebrate gonad and the Müllerian duct are still a matter of debate. According to the majority of recent textbooks, the gonad is a product of the proliferating coelothelium and therefore derived from the mesoderm of the lateral plate region. The Müllerian duct grows parallel to the Wolffian duct, but it is not clear to what extent the latter contributes actively to the development of the former. In the last decade, we reinvestigated early gonadogenesis and Müllerian duct development in a number of vertebrate model species using various morphological techniques (TEM, SEM, immunohistochemistry). The conclusion of our studies is that rudimentary or regressing nephrostomial tubules, particularly cells of their nephrostomes, must be regarded as the immediate precursors of the somatic cells of the gonadal crest and the Müllerian infundibular field. According to this concept, both structures are derivatives of the intermediate mesoderm. Nephrostomial tubules are regular components of the primitive pro- and mesonephros. They connect the nephric tubule or the nephric corpuscle to the coelomic cavity and open into the latter by means of a funnel-like mouth, the nephrostome (coelomostome). In the larval sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus, short, segmentally arranged nephrostomial tubules with well-developed nephrostomes are present in the region of the cranial opisthonephros. Cells of the medial nephrostomial lips proliferate, surround the germ cells that have accumulated in this location and form a continuous gonadal crest. Cells of the lateral nephrostomial lips proliferate also, spread out on the coelomic surface, replace the original flat mesothelial cells over the Wolffian duct and the cranial opisthonephros and form the Müllerian infundibular field. At about 28 days, a flat pocket begins to invaginate the infundibular field. This pocket is the primordium of the Müllerian ostium abdominale. The findings in Acipenser can be generalized and transferred to other vertebrates.

Notes: Summary The localization of the Mg++-activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in the human Fallopian tube has been studied by means of histochemical methods. The samples were obtained from 18 women in the age from 23–62 years. Some of them were treated by various steroid hormones. Endosalpinx ciliary ATPase-activity represents dynein and is therefore an indicator of ciliary motility. Estrogens and gestagens have a different influence on the ATPase-activity. All cilia of one ciliated cell react in the same manner and may be regarded as a reaction unit. The relation of negative to positive ciliary borders differs characteristically in the tubal isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum and coincides with commonly known phenomena of egg transport through the oviduct. Postovulatory, reaction units increase in ampulla and infundibulum compared with the proliferative phase. The oviducts of postmenopausal women possess but a scanty outfit of reaction units. Short-time treatment with estrogen in the early secretory phase results in a great number of reaction units in all tubal segments; a similar treatment in the proliferative phase diminishes the reaction units in the ampulla. Midcycle progesterone treatment activates the ciliary ATPase in the isthmus. Low doses of lynestrenol (minipill) in the proliferative phase leads to a decrease of reaction units in all tubal segments; the pattern of ciliary reaction under low doses of lynestrenol at the time of ovulation coincides with that of the proliferative phase. Treatment with a contraceptive steroid (0,05 mg ethinylestradiol and 0,25 d-norgestrel) causes a considerable activation of the ciliary ATPase in all portions of the oviduct.

Notes: Summary Proliferative processes of human Fallopian tube (mitotic activity, number of nuclei, epithelial height) under different hormonal influences were studied by histological methods. In the 2nd half of the cycle, during pregnancy, during antiovulatory treatment and in postmenopausal period, the endosalpingeal epithelium of pars of uterina, isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum is characterized by proliferative quiescence (i.e. lack of mitoses, a small quantity of nuclei, a simple epithelium). Under minipill treatment (0.5 mg lynestrenol daily) a simple or pseudostratified epithelium with increasing amounts of nuclei in the 1st half of the cycle without mitoses, but in the midcycle (newly formed corpus luteum) with numerous mitoses is observed. Higher doses of progesterone during midcycle lead to a predominating pseudostratified epithelium with considerable quantities of nuclei, but without mitoses. Estrogen treatment in the 1st half of the cycle, in midcycle, in postmenopausal period, during extrauterine pregnancy and during antiovulatory treatment, results in distinct endosalpingeal proliferation (domination of pseudostratification, formation of epithelial papillae); secretory processes as well as cellular extrusions are observed also. Stimulation by estrogen is especially rapid in the tubal isthmus (high amounts of nuclei). A simple dosis of estrogen produces many mitoses in the oviductal epithelium within the following 12 h; with increasing interval between estrogen application and tubectomy, the quantity of mitoses is rapidly reduced. Regeneration and proliferation of endosalpingeal epithelium are results of mitotic divisions of secretory and ciliated cells rather, than of so-called basal cells, which appear to be immigrated lymphocytes.

Notes: Zusammenfassung In Uterusepithel und Uterindrüsen der geburtsreifen Schafplacenta werden folgende Fermente mit histochemischen Methoden nachgewiesen: NADH-Tetrazoliumreductase, Cytochromoxydase, NAD-spezifische Isocitratdehydrogenase, Succinatdehydrogenase, Lactatdehydrogenase, Glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase, β-Hydroxybutyratdehydrogenase, Adenosintriphosphatase, alkalische Phosphatase und Leucinaminopeptidase. Hierbei zeigt sich, daß die mütterlichen Epithelien der paraplacentaren Uterusschleimhaut und der Uterindrüsen ein wesentlich vielseitigeres Enzymmuster als das Septensyncytium innerhalb des Placentoms besitzen. Die Wirkungsweise der nachgewiesenen Fermente bei Bereitstellung und Sekretion der „Uterinmilch” wird diskutiert.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Seelöwenniere ist eine zusammengesetzte Niere, deren Renculi sich ohne bindegewebige Zwischensepten aneinanderlagern. 2. Das aus Renculi bestehende Gesamtorgan wird an der Oberfläche von einer gemeinsamen Capsula fibrosa überzogen; die Renculi sind durch seichte Furchen voneinander getrennt. 3. Die größeren, noch außerhalb des Parenchyms gelegenen Arterien und die Äste des verzweigten Harnleiters verlaufen nicht parallel. 4. Jeder Renculus wird von 2–4 Aa. renculares versorgt, die sich in der Mark-Rindengrenze in je 3–5 Aa. subcorticales aufteilen. 5. Die Aa. corticales radiatae enden alle durch Teilung in Vasa afferentia. Es gibt demnach keine freien Wipfeläste. 6. Ludwigsche Äste finden sich in sehr geringer Anzahl und zwar nur in der juxtamedullären Rindenschicht. 7. Für die Rindenzone der Einzelnierchen existiert nur ein oberflächliches abführendes Systems, das zu interrenkularen Venen zusammenfließt, die sich ihrerseits in einer einheitlichen, aus dem Hilus renalis austretenden Vena renalis sammeln.