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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of blood clearance time by Limulus G test of Candida-water soluble polysaccharide fraction, CAWS, in mice (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 29 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Limulus G test, responsive to β-1,3-d-glucan, is a well-established method for the detection of invasive fungal infection. We have recently found that Candida albicans released a water-soluble polysaccharide fraction (CAWS) into synthetic medium (Uchiyama et al., FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 24 (1999) 411–420). CAWS was composed of a mannoprotein-β-glucan complex and activated Limulus factor G, and thus would be similar to the Limulus active substance in patient's blood. In a preliminary investigation, we have found that CAWS is lethal when administered intravenously in a murine system. In this study, we examined the toxicity and then the fate of CAWS in mice. The lethal toxicity was strain-dependent and strain DBA/2 was the most resistant. The toxicity was, at least in part, reduced by salbutamol sulfate and prednisolone treatment in the sensitive strains. On intravenous administration, the half clearance time (t1/2) was approximately 40 min in mice (DBA/2). On intraperitoneal administration, CAWS appeared in the blood with a peak concentration at 1 h. In order to establish a treatment plan, it is important to demonstrate the onset and the termination of deep-seated mycosis. The Limulus G test is suitable for the above purpose; however, it is necessary to fully understand the fate of β-1,3-d-glucan in patients’ blood
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01507.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced production of inducible nitric oxide synthase by β-glucans in mice (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 19 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have already demonstrated that various activities including NO (nitric oxide) synthesis in vivo and in vitro significantly differ between triple helical (SPG) and single helical (alkaline-treated SPG, SPG-OH) β-glucans. It was previously suggested that the single helical conformer of β-glucan (SPG-OH) was dominant in cytokine production and subsequent NO synthesis in vitro. In this study, we analyzed production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced by β-glucans in vitro and in vivo. The iNOS production was enhanced in proteose peptone-induced peritoneal macrophages (PMs) cultured with SPG-OH in the presence of IFN-γ for 24 h, and SPG-OH-induced PMs. Moreover, SPG-OH was effective for iNOS production not only in isolated macrophages but also in tissue macrophages, whereas SPG was less effective. These findings suggest that a single helical conformer is essential for iNOS production, and that NO synthesis by β-glucans is closely related to iNOS production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01082.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement of IL-8 production from human monocytic and granulocytic cell lines, THP-1 and HL-60, stimulated with Malassezia furfur (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 28 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previously, we reported that Malassezia furfur, causing systemic fungal infection, was taken up into human monocytic cell line, THP-1, in a concentration-dependent manner. This fact suggested that M. furfur could activate phagocytes, such as monocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Thus we examined cytokine mRNA expression from human monocytic and granulocytic cell line, THP-1 and HL-60, stimulated with M. furfur by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and ELISA. We chose IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and TNF-α as primers for THP-1, and IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-8 for HL-60. M. furfur induced the expression of IL-8 mRNA from THP-1 and HL-60 following incubation for 3 h, and also induced IL-1α mRNA from HL-60, although this induction was weaker than that of IL-8 mRNA. Furthermore, opsonized M. furfur induced stronger expression of IL-8 mRNA in comparison with intact M. furfur. IL-8 production from THP-1 and HL-60 was enhanced in a concentration- and incubation time-dependent manner. These facts strongly suggested that M. furfur could activate phagocytes, and could induce inflammatory responses in systemic infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01471.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical and immunochemical characterization of limulus factor G-activating substance of Candida spp. (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 24 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The limulus test is a well-established method for the diagnosis of both Gram (−) sepsis and invasive fungal infection. To diagnose deep-seated fungal infections, a (1→3)-β-d-glucan-specific chromogenic kit (Fungitec G test MK) has been developed and applied clinically. It is suggested that the limulus reactive substance was released from the fungi to the blood, however, its chemical properties were not precisely examined in detail because of the limited quantity available. In this study, we used chemically defined liquid medium to culture Candida spp. and collected the water soluble fraction, CAWS. The yield of CAWS was circa 100 mg/l, independent of the strain of Candida. CAWS reacted with limulus factor G (Fungitec G test MK) at concentrations as low as 100 ng/ml. Limulus factor G reactivity of CAWS was sensitive to (1→3)-β-glucanase, zymolyase and was, at least in part, bound to ConA-agarose. The ConA-bound fraction also reacted with anti-β-glucan antibody. CAWS is mainly composed of mannan and (1→6)-β-glucan, in addition to protein, assessed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. CAWS also reacted with typing sera of Candida spp., specific for cell wall mannan. Chemical, immunochemical and biochemical analyses of CAWS strongly suggested that the limulus factor G-activating substance was a mannan-β-glucan complex, present within the architecture of the yeast cell wall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01313.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunotoxicity of soluble β-glucans induced by indomethacin treatment (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: (1→3)-β-d-Glucan (β-glucan) is a biological response modifier that regulates host immune response. However, the side effects of this drug have not been extensively examined. In this study, we found that the combination of a β-glucan and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin, induced lethal toxicity in mice. Lethal toxicity of orally administered indomethacin (multiple administration to ICR mice; once a day for 2 weeks) was 0/8 (2.5 mg kg−1) and 5/8 (5 mg kg−1) (death/total) over 2 weeks. The toxicity was enhanced to 3/8 and 8/8 in mice treated with a clinical β-glucan preparation, sonifilan (250 μg/mouse, single i.p. administration on day 0). A similar effect was observed for other β-glucans, including SSG, grifolan, zymosan A and zymocel. Enhanced lethal toxicity resulted from a single p.o. administration of indomethacin on day 5 to day 9 after multiple β-glucans administration. Interferon-γ, interleukin-6 and colony stimulating factor concentrations in sera of indomethacin/β-glucan-treated mice were significantly elevated. These results strongly suggest that indomethacin/β-glucan treatment induces lethality in mice by maladjusting the cytokine network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01163.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soluble mannan and β-glucan inhibit the uptake of Malassezia furfur by human monocytic cell line, THP-1 (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The uptake of live and heat-killed Malassezia furfur HIC 3321, HIC 3343 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 by human monocytic cell line, THP-1, was examined. THP-1 was differentiated by PMA for 7 days before use. The uptake of these yeasts by THP-1 was increased in a concentration-dependent manner of yeasts, and the uptake reached plateau level at the E/T (yeast/THP-1) ratio 5. In addition, a higher percentage of heat-killed cells than live cells was taken in THP-1. Yeast mannan and β-1,3-glucan, random coiled conformer, inhibited the uptake of live and heat-killed M. furfur by THP-1, though dextran T-250, that is α-glucan, and schizophyllan (SPG), triple helix conformer of β-glucan, did not. Interestingly, mannan inhibited the uptake of both types, live and heat-killed, of C. albicans, however, laminaran inhibited the uptake of heat-killed C. albicans alone. Opsonization of these yeasts with normal human serum enhanced the uptake of yeasts, although opsonization with heat-inactivated serum, the treatment at 56°C for 30 min, did not enhance. These results suggested that live and heat-killed M. furfur was recognized by THP-1 through mannose receptor, β-glucan receptor and complement receptor type 3 via the activation of alternative pathway of complement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01169.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gradual solubilization of Candida cell wall β-glucan by oxidative degradation in mice (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Candida spp. is a medically important fungi which induces disseminated candidiasis and candidemia in hospitalized immuno-compromised patients. The cell wall of Candida is mainly composed of two polysaccharides, mannan and β-glucan, and at least part of β-glucan is basically insoluble in H2O or NaOH. We became interested in when and how particulate β-glucan changes to the soluble form. However, the fate of wall components has not been examined in detail. In this study, modification and solubilization of the cell wall β-glucan were analyzed in vivo and in vitro. Cells of Candida, intravenously administered to mice (1 mg/mouse), were immediately deposited mainly in liver as determined by 3H-labeled cells. β-Glucans were detected in these mice for at least for 6 months by the β-glucan specific assay. During this period, the insoluble cell wall β-glucan was gradually solubilized in these organs, probably by oxidative stress of macrophages. Candida cells and particulate β-glucans were also gradually solubilized in vitro using sodium hypochlorite solution, but part of the cell wall β-glucan was still insoluble even after treatment with concentrated hypochlorite solution for one day at room temperature. These findings strongly suggested that the fungal cell wall β-glucans were quite resistant to oxidative metabolism in vivo and in vitro, and thus deposited for quite long period in the host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01157.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detoxification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by egg white lysozyme (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 9 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies carried out by our group suggest that lysozyme binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide with a high affinity to produce a complex, and inhibits various biological activities of lipopolysaccharide. Although the basic structure of lipopolysaccharide is independent of the species and strains of Gram-negative bacteria, many structural factors such as O-antigenic polysaccharide, lipid A, substituted groups, and associated molecules, affect the biological activities of lipopolysaccharide. In this study, we prepared lysozyme/lipopolysaccharide complexes using various structures of lipopolysaccharide and compared the activity and physiochemical properties. Native and dansylated lysozyme were found to bind to all tested lipopolysaccharides. The mitogenic activity and TNF production by all tested lipopolysaccharides were significantly reduced by complex formation in vitro. Administration of the complex prepared by various lipopolysaccharides produced significantly less quantities of TNF in the septic shock model. These results suggested that binding of lysozyme to lipopolysaccharide is important for the host both in pathophysiological responses to lipopolysaccharides and in the modification of lipopolysaccharide biological activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00360.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of murine lysozyme on lipopolysaccharide-induced biological activities (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 13 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have demonstrated that egg-white lysozyme (EW-LZM) bound to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), reduced the lethal toxicity and the biological activity of LPS. In this study, the interaction of LPS with murine lysozyme (M-LZM) and the modulation of biological activities were investigated. M-LZM was prepared from the culture supernatant of the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatographies and dialysis. Two types of M-LZM, murine M lysozyme (MM-LZM) and murine P lysozyme (MP-LZM), were purified from the supernatant. The enzymatic activities of both MM-LZM and MP-LZM were inhibited by LPS and their effects were affected by the temperature and the ionic strength. TNF-α production from RAW264.7 by LPS was inhibited by mixing with MM-LZM and MP-LZM. MP-LZM inhibited TNF-α production stronger than MM-LZM. Considering these facts, we suggested that M-LZM, like EW-LZM, make a complex with LPS to reduce the toxicity of LPS together with inhibiting the enzymatic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00254.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Association of immunological disorders in lethal side effect of NSAIDs on β-glucan-administered mice (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: (1→3)-β-d-Glucan (β-glucan) is a biological response modifier that regulates host immune response. We have found that the combination of a β-glucan and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), indomethacin (IND), induced lethal toxicity in mice [Yoshioka et al. (1998) FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 21, 171–179]. This study was undertaken to analyze the mechanism of the lethal side effect. Combination of a β-glucan and IND increased the number of leukocytes, especially macrophages and neutrophils, in various organs and these cells were activated. The activated state of these cells was supported by the enhanced production of interferon-γ in the presence of IND in vitro culture of the peritoneal exudate cells. Intestinal bacterial flora was translocated into the peritoneal cavity in these mice to cause peritonitis. Comparing the toxicity of various NSAIDs, nabumetone, a partially cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAID with weaker toxicity to the gastrointestinal tract, did not exhibit a lethal side effect. These facts strongly suggested that gastrointestinal damage by NSAIDs was more severe in β-glucan-administered mice, resulting in peritonitis by enteric bacteria and leading to death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2001.tb01579.x
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